[ 202 ]“無絲毫文學意味”中“絲毫”之意,見唐·韓愈《為河南令上留守鄭相知啟》:“愈為相公官屬五年,辱知辱愛,伏念曾無絲毫事為報答效。”“意味”之意,見明·李贄《複丘長孺書》:“途間隻恐逢著微生畝,渠必說些無意味言語。”
[ 203 ] 原文 Chinese Reader’s Manual,此處根據中華民國二十九年影印封麵漢語書目翻譯。
[ 204 ] 原文 clear 與漢語“清新”使用方法有異曲同工之妙。漢語“清新”一詞在古漢語中多用來形容文學作品風格,見晉·陸雲《與兄平原書》之九:“兄文章之高遠絕異,不可複稱言。然猶皆欲微多,但清新相接,不以此為病耳。”宋·蘇轍《次韻任遵聖見寄》:“詩句清新非世俗,退居安穩卜江天。”故,翻譯時采用“清新”一詞。
[ 205 ] 原文 vigorous 指“精神旺盛”、“強勁有力”,用來形容文風時,指文筆強勁鋒利,充滿激情;漢語“遒勁”本用來形容書法作品之筆力走勢風格,見唐·司空圖《送草書僧歸越》:“僧生於東越 ,雖幼落於佛,而學無不至,故逸跡遒勁之外,亦恣為詩,以導江湖沉鬱之氣,是佛首而儒其業者也。”宋·張世南《遊宦紀聞》卷四:“筆力遒勁可愛。”故翻譯時直接采用“筆力遒勁”一詞。
[ 206 ] 原文 the works of Confucius and his schools 若直譯為“孔子及其流派之作品”,頗為唆累贅,故簡潔譯為“儒家經典”。
[ 207 ] 原文 But we have ventured it, and it will be expected of us to make good our judgment 其中 good 根據前後文,當做“公正”解,故譯為:“然既已冒犯,餘得公正評之。”
[ 208 ] 原文we quote from the Chinese preface of Lin Hsi-chung, a recent editor of the Nan-hua King in reading a book, it is necessary to understand first the meaning of each single word: then only can you construe the sentences, then only can you perceive the arrangement of the paragraphs; and then, last of all, can you get at the central proposition of the whole chapter.” Now every page of Mr. Balfour’s translation bears marks that he has not understood the meaning of many single words, that he has not construed the sentences correctly, and that he has missed the arrangement of the paragraphs. If these propositions which we have assumed can be proved to be true, as they can easily be done, being merely points regarding rules of grammar and syntax, it then follows very clearly that Mr. Balfour has missed the meaning and central proposition of whole chapters. 其中 construe the sentences 之意為“分析句子結構”,實際上就是古漢語中“句讀”,故譯為:“解句讀之法。”propositions 指上一句所提到的“或不曉字詞之義,或不解句讀之法,或不知段落之布局”四個方麵的硬傷,翻譯時概括為:“以上諸般之誤。”grammar and syntax 如翻譯成“語法與句法”,不合古漢語之特點,在辜鴻銘看來,漢語極為簡單,無西語之眾多語法規則,但傳統漢語強調遣詞造句,因此把 grammar and syntax 譯為“遣詞造句”;同時把原文中陳述句翻譯成自問自答的設問句。故有此譯文:“其實,證之何難歟?隻需參照遣詞造句之規而可證之。”
[ 209 ] 漢語“曉暢”之用法,見漢·諸葛亮《出師表》“將軍向寵,性行淑均,曉暢軍事”。故譯為“曉暢”。
[ 210 ] 《大學》被大多數外國人瞧不起,認為書內多為陳詞濫調,老生常談之內容。故譏諷戲稱並杜撰一詞為“Book of Platitudes”。辜鴻銘對此極為反感,且以《大學》之內容為證據,反唇相譏。因此,翻譯時,此處把杜撰詞“Book of Platitudes”也翻譯成杜撰詞《濫調經》。
[ 211 ] 原文 begin his study with the individual, to proceed from the individual to the family, and from the family to the Government 是辜鴻銘對《大學》理解後作出的闡釋。《大學》原文內容為:“欲治其國者,先齊其家;欲齊其家者,先修其身。”原文中Government是大寫,原指一國之治國人員構成的內閣或政府,而辜鴻銘認為是“國”。故譯為“始於人,繼而家,終而國。”
[ 212 ] 原文the government and administrative institutions of the country 直譯為“國家的政府和行政管理”,此處翻譯概稱為“治國之法”。
[ 213 ] 原文 This is what we mean when we say that the student of Chinese should study the principles of individual conduct. 此前一句言及民族研究者,the student of Chinese(習研中國人者)就屬於民族研究者之列,故翻譯時承前省略。其原因有二:其一,西語凡句必需主語,而漢語則未必;其二,漢語於一定上下文,凡陳述對象(主語)明確者,皆可省略。
[ 214 ] 原文 In other words, we mean to say that you must get at the national ideals 中 you 實際上是指上一句中 the student of Chinese should study the principles of individual conduct 中的 the student of Chinese(習研中國人者)在上一句中被略譯,但意仍在。此句又把 you 還原,還原後譯文句式就成了古漢語常用句式“欲……必(先)……”。
[ 215 ] 原文 If it is asked how this is to be attained,we answer, by the study of the national literature, in which revelations of the best and highest as well as the worst side of the character of a people can be read. 是條件複合句,其中主句為省略句,補充完整應為 we answer that this can be attained by…其中 this 指上一句中 you must get at the national ideals(必先曉其民族之理想)翻譯時,把原文條件複合句處理成前後兩句,兩句關係處理成自問自答句。
[ 216 ] 原文 The one object, therefore, which should engage the attention of the foreign student of Chinese, is the standard national literature of the people:whatever preparatory studies it may by[sic] necessary for him to go through should serve only as means towards the attainment of that one object. 此句結構極為複雜, 先分析冒號前之原文。原文中 the one object 實為 one of the objects 的變體,可抽象為“one of + 複數名詞”結構。因此翻譯時,可用分句法把複數名詞獨立成句。故譯文處理成“能吸外國人關注之目標者甚多 ,然目標之一者,乃中國民族之正統文學也。” 原文冒號後的 by 疑為文章發表時排字有誤而非辜鴻銘之過,應為 be;此句的正常語序當是 whatever preparatory studies should serve only as means towards the attainment of that one object,it may by[sic] necessary for him to go through. 其中 go through 意思為“完成”,賓語應該是 the standard national literature of the people。故譯文為:“研必有所備;有所備者,乃成就之法也;唯有所備,方能成其就。”
[ 217 ] 原文 … the influence of the intercourse with the Arabs during the Middle Ages, upon European culture has not even to this day, altogether disappeared … 其中not … disappeared 屬反麵表達,“沒有消失”之意,譯文采用正麵表達,譯為“猶存”。
[ 218 ] 原文 The foreign student of Chinese literature, therefore, has all the disadvantages to overcome which must result form the want of community of primary ideas and notions. 翻譯時,對原文詞序按先因後果進行了移位重組,故譯為:“外國學者,其思想觀念與中國人無共同之處,故習研中國文學,其優不在矣,須克之。”
[ 219 ] 原文 A venturesome translator would use the “love” and “righteousness” of the Bible, which are perhaps as exact as any other, having regard both for the sense of the words and the idiom of the language中having regard both for … and … 表示“既照顧到字詞意義的準確(即信)又照顧到字詞用法的準確(即達) ”,簡言之,就是“既信亦達”。整句譯為:“譯之大膽者,擇《聖經》之字詞 love與 righteousness 而譯‘仁’,譯詞甚為準確,既信亦達也。”
[ 220 ] 原文 the literature of a nation, if it is to be studied at all, must be studied systematically and as one connected whole, and not fragmentarily and without plan or order, as it has hitherto been done by most foreign scholars 中 systematically 意為“有係統地”、“有條不紊地”。翻譯時擇用“有條不紊”,其用法見語出《尚書·盤庚上》:“若網在綱,有條而不紊。”one connected whole 意為“連接在一起的整體”,簡言之,“一體”,其用法,見唐·魏征《諫太宗十思疏》:“胡越為一體。”又見漢·諸葛亮《出師表》: “宮中府中,俱為一體。”故翻譯時,擇用“一體”。without plan or order 作狀語修飾前麵謂語be studied 但後麵的連詞 as 表示“如同”之意,此狀語在意義上也可修飾 has …been done。Plan 意為“計劃”。order 意為“秩序”、“步驟”,翻譯時為了使前後句子結構平衡勻稱,進行了移位。without plan or order 拆分為兩個小句“研無綱要,籌謀紊亂”。“籌謀”之用法見唐·白居易 《楊景複可檢校膳部員外郎六人同製》:“若修飾不已,籌謀有聞。”
[ 221 ] 原文從此句起連續使用“How little…!”句式構成感歎排比句,氣勢恢弘、強勁有力。翻譯時也采用相同的古漢語句式“……者,罕(見)也!”其中 we have seen 隱含在“罕見”一詞中。
[ 222 ] 原文 through 為介詞,但其義為動詞,即“通過”,“借助”。此處擇用“借助”,其用法,見《左傳·襄公四年》:“寡君是以願借助焉。”原文 best 和 most commonplace 分別譯為“傑出之作”和“平庸之品”。“傑出”之用法,見《三國誌·諸葛亮傳》:“雄姿傑出。”“平庸”之用法,見清·周亮工《倪母朱太夫人七十序》:“平庸之子,無英華可以自見,無名譽可以震俗。”“品”之用法見北宋·沈括《夢溪筆談》:“鹽之品至多。”
[ 223 ] 原文 Just fancy, if a foreigner were to judge of the English literature from the works of Miss Rhoda Broughton, or that class of novels which form the reading stock of school-boys and nursery-maids! 是上一句原文的類比假設句,故用虛擬語氣。既然是類比,故翻譯時增添“猶如”一詞,其用法見明·淩蒙初《二刻拍案驚奇》卷十七:“詞人墨客得了此箋,猶如拱璧。”fancy 意為“胡思亂想,異想天開”,辜鴻銘用此詞於此,有譏諷之意,故“胡思亂想”較確切,但翻譯時則用“胡思亂量”,其用法見宋·朱熹《答潘文叔書》之一:“不要如此胡思亂量。”
[ 224 ] 原文 Another extraordinary judgment which used to be passed upon Chinese literature was, that it was excessively over-moral 其中 extraodinary 意為“離奇的”;judgment 意為“評論”、“判斷”。二詞合譯為“奇談怪論”,其用法見清·錢泳《履園叢話·耆舊·仲子教授》:“乾隆戊申歲,餘往汴梁,遇畢秋帆中丞幕中,兩眼若漆,奇談怪論,鹹視為異物,無一人與言者。”
[ 225 ] 原文 Thus the Chinese people were actually accused of over morality, while at the same time most foreigners are pretty well agreed that the Chinese are a nation of liars 此句是對前一句內容作進一步闡釋,翻譯時增加“此論”(即上一句中的“無道德論”),故此句譯為:“此論實乃指責中國人無道德,以為中國民族乃撒謊之民族,且樂同此論者,眾也!”
[ 226 ] 原文 led astray 意為“誤入歧途”、“歧途”,其用法,見清·陸繼輅《〈七家文鈔〉序》:“吾常自荊川之歿,此道中絕。後有作者,複趨於歧途,以要一時之譽。”
[ 227 ] 原文 he has been betrayed into the use of expressions 中 betray 意為“暴露”、“泄露”,其主語通常是人,故此句用he作主語,實際上是指 his eagerness to emphasize the superiority of the Taoist over the orthodox school 即“重道家而輕正統之真摯之情”。此句本可譯為:“其真摯之情,溢於言表。” 然“溢於言表”多有褒獎之義,而此處辜氏有貶責之意,故可改譯為:“其真摯之情,一覽無遺。”“一覽無遺”之用法,見宋·劉義慶《世說新語·言語》:“江左地促,不如中國,若使阡陌條暢,則一覽而盡,故紆餘委曲,若不可測。”
[ 228 ] 原文 But the social institutions, manners and customs of a people do not grow up, like mushrooms, in a night, but are developed and formed into what they are, through long centuries,其中 like mushrooms 是英語習語,表示事物發展變化極快。此處采取直譯加意譯。譯為:“然一民族之社會製度、禮儀風俗,非如蘑菇,可一夜即成,而須經長年累月,方可成矣。”“蘑菇”,亦稱“蘑菰”,見明·李時珍《本草綱目·菜三·蘑菰蕈》:“蘑菰出山東、淮北諸處……長二三寸,本小末大,白色柔軟。”
[ 229 ] 原文 The very fact…serves only to show…其中 serve only to show 意為“隻能表明”,此處譯為“足見”,其意與用法,見宋·朱熹《答吳德夫書》:“承喻仁字之說,足見用力之深。”
[ 230 ] 原文 without a knowledge of their history, therefore, no correct judgment can be formed of the social institutions of a people,翻譯時,對原文句子成分進行了移位切分。句首介詞短語 without …切分為一句;knowledge 轉譯成動詞;judgment 和 of the social institutions of a people 重新組合,並把 judgment 轉譯為動詞。整句譯為:“不曉中國之曆史,概不能評其社會製度,即評亦謬也。”