二、靜態與動態(3 / 3)

Our company’s well-defined position is that it stands ready at all times to co-operate with your firm whenever it is called upon to do so.The majority of stockholders are in complete sympathy with your company’s goals and objectives in regard to the construction of a new plant……我們來化“靜”為“動”:

I am replying for Mr.Jones,who is ill.

Our company is always ready to co-operate.Most of our stockholders sympathize with your aim to build a new plant……“名稱+介詞”這類短語可削弱或淡化(dilute)原來所要表達的動詞、形容詞和其他詞語的意義,使敘述曲折迂回(circumlocution),因而增強了靜態感,如:give rise to(arouse)。例1.make contact with(meet)例2.arrive at a decision(dscide)例3.afford an opportunity to(allow)例4.conduct an investigation into(investigate)例5.of an unusual character(unusual)例6.beyond the shadow of a doubt(certain)例7.on two separate occasions(twice)例8.in view of the foregoing circumstances(therefore)英語文體學家認為濫用這種弱化表達法(debilitated style)是一種不良的文風。這類短語往往使表達顯得?唆(wordy)、累贅(verbose)、缺乏生氣(lifeless),因而不宜提倡。H.W.Fowler指出,“Strings of nouns depending on one another and the use of compound prepositions are the most conspicuous symptoms of the periphrastic malady,and writers should be on the watch for these in their own composition”,許多學者主張多用平易(plain)、活潑(lively)、具體(concrete)和直截了當的(direct)詞,以減少英語的靜態傾向。

(五)動詞的弱化與虛化英語中最常用的動詞正是動作意味最弱的動詞――to be,其各種形式(包括must be,may be,should have been等)都缺乏動態感。由“it”或“there”與be構成的句式,其靜態意味更加明顯,試比較:例1.There was a tropical storm off the east coast of Florida.譯文:佛羅裏達東海岸有一場熱帶風暴。

A tropical storm lashed the east coast of Florida.譯文:一場熱帶風暴襲擊了佛羅裏達東海岸。例2.It was the finding of the committee that there had been bribes paid by company managers to foreign officials.

The committee found that company managers had bribed foreign officials.譯文:委員會發現公司經理向外國官員行賄。除了be之外,have,become,grow,feel,go,come,get,do等也是英語常用的弱式動詞(verbs of feeble phenomenality),英語還常常把動詞轉化或派生成名詞,置於虛化動詞(如have,make,take,do等)之後作賓語,如have alook,take a walk,make attempts,pay visits,do some damages,put up a proposal等。這類動詞短語往往顯得虛弱而平淡無味(colorless)。試比較:例1.After he had a quarrel with his boss,Jack quit.

After he quarreled with his boss,Jack quit.譯文:傑克與老板爭吵之後便辭職了。例2.A distinction must be made between“economic”and“economical”。

You must distinguish between“economic”and“economical”,必須把“economic”和“economical”加以區分。此外,用動名詞作虛化動詞do的賓語,如do some shopping,do some washing等,也很常見:例3.The combine does the harvesting of the grain.The combine harvests the grain.譯文:聯合收割機收割穀物。

(六)用形容詞或副詞表達動詞的意義英語常用動詞的同源形容詞與弱化動詞相結合的方式表達動詞的意義。例1.I am doubtful whether he is still alive.譯文:我懷疑他是否還活著。

例2.The teacher thanked her pupils because they are very cooperative.譯文:學生合作得很好,老師向學生表示感謝。不少動詞可用其同源形容詞來表達,如support(supportive),thank(thankful),create(creative),sleep(asleep)等。英語中表示心理或生理感覺的形容詞以及其他形容詞也常與弱式動詞構成係表結構,表達相當於動詞的意義。

如:例1.A postman is not afraid of dogs.譯文:郵遞員不怕狗。

例2.John seems content just to sit in front of the television all night.譯文:約翰整夜坐在電視機前似乎就滿足了。英語還常用副詞來表達動詞的意義。

如:例1.I'm afraid Mr.Brown is out,but he’ll be in soon.譯文:恐怕布郎先生出去了,但是他很快會回來的。

例2.The newspaper was down at six yesterday.譯文:昨天報紙六點鍾付印。

例3.Down with the old and up with the new.譯文:破舊立新總之,英語常通過動詞的派生、轉化、弱化和虛化等手段,采用非動詞形式(如名詞、介詞、形容詞、副詞等)表達動詞的意義,因而表達呈靜態。與此相比,漢語則傾向於多用動詞,因而表達呈動態。