二、靜態與動態(2 / 3)

Sino-American Trade Review Talks Start中美貿易回顧會談開始

January Crude Oil Output Beats Target一月份原油產量超過指標500-Meter-Long Flood Prevention Dyke Built五百米長的防洪壩建成這種名詞連用的短語結構簡化,表達方便,詞數少而信息量大,其使用範圍已大大超出了報刊標題,在現代英語中幾乎俯拾即是。B.Foster指出:“The whole tendency of the modern language is towards doing away with adjectives,or at least,using nouns as epithets.”如:

gold reserve黃金儲備

generation gap兩代人之間的隔閡

figure control problem保持優美身材的問題

job opportunity discrimination(因種族或性別而異的)

就業機會歧視名詞連用或複合名詞在科技英語裏尤其常見:

Space shuttle flight test program航天飛機試飛計劃

Computer programming teaching device manual計算機程序編製教學方法手冊

Satellite communications ground station equipment repairer衛星通信地麵站設備修理人員名詞連用加強了英語的名詞優勢,也反映了現代英語追求簡潔的總趨勢,但不少語言學者反對堆砌名詞(nouns pileups),認為這會使語言失去活力,缺乏動態感,有時還會造成語意含混,甚至產生歧義。E.Gowers指出:“The constant use of headline phrases is usually a sign either of unclear thinking or of unwillingness to say things as briskly and simply as possible.A headline phrase consisting of more than two words should be treated with suspicion,and things tend to get even more awkward if the phrase includes an adjective as well as a number of nouns;it is not always obvious on first reading which noun the adjective qualifies,and tiresome problems of hyphenation sometimes arise.”例如,British history teachers既可理解為teachers of British history(教英國曆史的教師),也可理解為British teachers of history(教曆史的英國教師)。又例如,

Excessive headline phrase condemnation is,of course,a possibility.It is possible,of course,to go too far in condemning headline phrases.it is possible,of course,to condemn the overuse of headline phrases.名詞連用或用名詞代替形容詞(noun adjectives)在現代英語中是一種盛行的文風。H.W.Fowler也指出:“These tricks,when allowed to affect literary style,destroy both precision and elegance;Sentences stumble along painfully and obscurely in synthetic lumps instead of running easily and lucidly with analytical grace.The corruption has gone far,affecting especially political speeches,official writing,and commercialese.”例如:例1.Majorvehicle expansion projectsmust depend onsteel availability.Major projects for expanding the production of vehicles must depend on how much steel is available.例2.Whereretirement dissatisfactionexistedadvance activity programminghad been insignificant.The people who were unhappy after retirement were those who had taken little trouble to plan their activities beforehand.例3.This compulsion is much regretted,buta large vehicle fleet operator restrictionin mileage has now been made imperative in meeting the demand forpetrol economy.We much regret having to do this,but we have been obliged to restrict greatly the operation of our large fleet of vehicles(or to restrict the operation of our fleet of large vehicles?)to meet the demand for economy in petrol.

(四)名詞優勢造成介詞優勢英語多用名詞必定使其多用介詞。介詞優勢與名詞優勢結合使得英語靜態傾向更為顯著。介詞隨處可見,有學者把英語稱為“介詞的語言”。英語常用介詞短語代替動詞短語,即以“靜”代“動”。如:例1.He is at his books.譯文:他在讀書。例2.The machine is in operation.譯文:機器正在運行。例3.They immediately set out in pursuit of the enemy.譯文:他們立刻出動去追擊敵人。例4.Shall we go to the theatre譯文:咱們到劇場看戲,好嗎?例5.With these words she went away.譯文:說完這些話,她便走開了。例6.He has someone behind him.譯文:有人給她撐腰。例7.Is this train for Chicago?譯文:這趟火車是開往芝加哥嗎?介詞與名詞結合,組成介詞短語(Prep+nprepositional phrase)。大量介詞短語常與弱化動詞(如be,seem,look,become等)和“沉悶的名詞”(ponderous nouns)連用。

In view of the fact that Mr.Jones is not very well,I am taking the opportunity of replaying on his behalf.