三、英漢成語對比與翻譯(2 / 3)

a flash in the pan曇花一現,虎頭蛇尾

have one foot in the grave已是風燭殘年

at the end of one's rope山窮水盡

The spirit is willing心有餘而力不足but the flesh is weak有些英漢成語雙方都不借用比喻,它們的意義都在字麵上,開門見山,可以望文定義。一般說來,此類習語翻譯比較簡單,不會產生保持民族或地方色彩的問題,可以大膽借用對方的同義語來表達。一舉at one stroke亂七八糟at sixes and sevens智窮才盡at one's wits’end垂頭喪氣in low spirits雜亂無章out of order有的漢語習語本身沒有借用比喻,但其英語同義習語卻有比喻,在這種情況下,如果後者的比喻比較樸實,不具有濃厚的民族或地方色彩,也可斟酌上下文的情況,加以借用,以便更有效地表達原作的思想內容。

少年老成

to have an old head on young shoulders物以類聚

Birds of a feather flock together以其人之道,還治其人之身

to pay back in his own coin

3.意譯法

在直譯和借用漢語成語都不妥當時,我們便隻好犧牲原文引用習語的風格,配合上下文進行意譯,以便保持原作思想內容的完整性。

to have other fish to fry有別的事幹

to rain cats and dogs下傾盆大雨

have a bee in one's bonnet胡思亂想;被某個念頭困擾

hit the nail on the head說得中肯;一語道破放下包袱get rid of their burden開動機器start up the machine格格不入misfit變本加厲step up生靈塗炭plunge the people into misery and suffering

4.直譯意譯兼用法

有時為了更確切地表達原意,譯者可同時兼用直譯法和意譯法來翻譯習語。搬起石頭打自己的腳

Lifting a rock only to have his own toes squashed不到黃河心不死

Until all is over ambition never dies“心不死”直譯為ambition never dies;“不到黃河”如直譯為until the Yellow River is reached,外國讀者會看不懂,隻好意譯為until all is over.垂著一尺長的涎水

The mouth waters copiously“(流)涎水”可直譯為mouth waters,但“一尺”不直譯為one foot,隻能意譯為copiously.

5.注釋法嚴格說來,加注不能算是一種譯法,但對它們的處理是否得當會直接影響譯文質量。寫文章或翻譯,加注總是不得已之事。一篇文章如果注解多了,讀起來往往不痛快,失去流暢之感。但有的習語隻有在曆史背景和典籍出處說明以後才能充分表達它的意義,所以譯者有時必須酌情考慮利用注釋法使習語的含義充分表達出來。有的典故初次向國外介紹時,必須依靠注釋的幫助,等以後傳開了,大家都懂了,注釋也就不需要了。在一本書中,譯者把“葉公好龍”直譯為“Lord She has love of dragons”,然後另加注釋:Lord She was so fond of dragons that he adorned his whole palace with drawings and carvings of them.But when a real dragon heard of his infatuation and paid him a visit,he was frightened out of his wits。“守株待兔”這個習語,有一位譯者把它翻成“watching the stump and waiting for a hare”,然後另加注釋:From the story of a peasant who seeing a hare run headlong against a tree-stump and break its neck,abandoned his plough and waited by the stump in the hope that another hare would do the same thing。從上下文看,這種處理方法是很得體的。這個習語,有時也可譯成:Waiting for gains without pains。

(五)英漢成語互譯時應注意的若幹問題

1.應注意對同一習語的譯法並不是一成不變的,必須根據上下文不同靈活地加以處理如,“謀事在人,成事在天。”一般譯為英語:“Man proposes,God disposes.”但在下麵句子中,卻不能不作改變。

例1.“謀事在人,成事在天”,咱們謀到了,靠菩薩的保佑,有些機會,也未可知。(《紅樓夢》第六回)Man proposes;Heaven disposes.Work out a plan,trust to Buddha,and something may come of it for all you know.話中提到菩薩(Buddha)是佛教詞語,God disposes卻是基督教詞語,譯文如不改變會造成矛盾,所以隻好把“God”改成“Heaven”。

例2.rack one's brain cudgel one's brain(s)在不同漢語句子中,根據不同上下文,可譯成:絞盡腦汁、挖空心思、苦思冥想、費盡心機、煞費苦心、搜索枯腸、殫精竭慮等。

例3.方案一公布,大家就七嘴八舌地議論開了。Publication of the draft plan touched off a lively discussion with everybody eager to put in a word.在上麵句子中,“七嘴八舌”已表達出來了。就不要硬加上“with seven mouths and eight tongues”,那是外國人看不懂的。

例4.“艱苦奮鬥”在不同的上下文裏可以分別譯為:plain living and hard work和hard and bitter struggle,前者指艱苦奮鬥的作風,後者指為了國家複興而艱苦奮鬥。

2.要注意在譯文中保全原文的風格。如果成語是古語,就要翻得古雅些,成語是通俗口語,就要翻得生動活潑和口語一點。

例1.……老子說:“民不畏死,奈何以死懼之。”……Lao Tze said,“The people fear not death,why threaten them with it.”

例2.以其人之道,還治其人之身。Do unto him as his does unto others.

例3.己所不欲,勿施於人。Do not do unto others what you would not want others to do unto you.

例4.無可奈何花落去。Flowers fall off,do what one may.

例5.“寫情書,就要像一封情書,不能像篇幹幹巴巴的八股。”(周立波)A love letter must be like a love letter,not like a dry textbook.

例6.“這斷子絕孫的阿Q!”遠遠地聽得小尼姑的帶哭的聲音。(魯迅)“Ah!Q,may you die sonless!”……

3.凡是含有較明顯的民族和地方色彩,或者附有一定的人名、地名的成語,翻譯時,通常不能拿來互相替換例如,To carry coals to Newcastle(運煤炭到紐卡斯爾去――多此一舉),就不要譯成:帶著瓷器上浮梁。

(浮梁是中國古時盛產瓷器的地方)。To teach one's grandmather to suck eggs,就不要譯成:夫子廟前賣文章;關公麵前耍大刀。Two heads are better than one(一人不如兩人智),就不要譯成:三個臭皮匠,勝過一個諸葛亮。對於多數字麵上顯示民族色彩的成語,譯者最好采用直譯的辦法以保留這種色彩,漢譯英尤其如此。隻能意譯時,也多選中性詞來譯,即把有民族色彩的詞語譯成不帶色彩的詞語。例如,“一個和尚挑水吃,兩個和尚抬水吃,三個和尚沒水吃”可以譯成英語Everybody's business is nobody's business或One boy is boy,two boys half a boy,three boys no boy。

又如,說到曹操,曹操就到,英譯時也可以考慮借用英語成語:Talk(或Speak)of the devil and he will(或is sure to)appear。有些譯本用Tsao Tsao代替devil,既利用了英語的架子,又保留了漢語成語的特色。但曹操是曆史人物,與上下文無聯係,對讀者來說,會造成突兀之感,所以還是不要這樣用,要用最好加以注釋。