2 與運動對認知結果的影響大致相同，is about the same as the ef
fect of exercise: Ellen Bialystok, “Bilingualism as a Slice of Swiss Cheese,” Frontiers in Psychology （2021）: 5219, https:\/\/d\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.769323\/.
3 神經儲備，Neural reserve: Jubin Abutalebi, Lucia Guidi, Virginia Borsa, Matteo i, Pasquale A. Della Rosa, Ben A. Parris, and Brendan S. Weekes, “Bilingualism Provides a Neural Reserve fing Populations,” Neuropsychologia 69 （2015）: 201—210, https:\/\/d\/10.1016\/j.neuropsy chologia.2015.01.040\/.
4 平均年齡81歲，with an average age of eigh
ty-one: Scott Schroeder and Viorica Marian, “A Bilingual Advantage for Episodic Memory in Older Adults,” Journal of itive Psychology 24 （2012）: 591—601, https:\/\/d\/10.1080\/20445911.2012.669367\/.
5 三語者似乎比雙語者表現出更大的優勢，trilinguals show even larger advantages: Scott Schroeder and Viorica Marian, “itive sequences of Trilingualism,” Iional Journal of Trilingualism 21 （2017）: 754—773, doi: 10.1177\/ 1367006916637288\/.
6 在多語言國家，阿爾茨海默病的發病率較低，Alzheimer’s is lower in multilingual tri
es: Raymond M. Klein, John Christie, and Mikael Parkvall. “Does Multilingualism Affect the Ince of Alzheimer’s Disease?: A Worldwide Analysis by try,” SSMPopulatioh 2 （2016）: 463—467, https:\/\/d\/10.1016\/j.ssmph.2016.06.002\/.
7 講兩種或兩種以上語言長大，grow up with two or more languages: Viorica Marian, Yasmeen Faroqi-Shah, Margarita Kaushanskaya, Henrike K. Blumenfeld, and Li Sheng, “Bilingualism: sequences for Language, ition, Development, and the Brain,” The ASHA Leader 14, no.
13 （2009）: 10—13, https:\/\/d\/10.1044\/leader.FTR2.14132009.10\/.
8 感知和分類任務，perceptual and classification tasks: Ellen Bialystok, “Coordination of Executive Funs in Monolingual and Bilingual Children,” Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 110 （2011）: 461—468, https:\/\/d\/10.1016\/j.jecp.2011.05.005.
9 認知靈活性的提高，increased itive lexibility: Agnes Melinda Kovad Jacques Mehler, “itive Gains in 7-Month-Old Bilingual Infants,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sces 106
（2009）: 6556—6560, https:\/\/d\/10.1073\/pnas.0811323106.
10 元認知技能，metaitive skills: Sylvia Joseph Galambos and Kenji Hakuta, “Subject-Specifid Task-Specific Characteristietalinguistic Awareness in Bilingual Children,” Applied Psycholinguistics 9 （1988）: 141-162, https:\/\/d\/10.1016\/j.sbspro.2009.01.243.
11 重複單詞聯想任務，repeated word association task: Li Sheng, Karla K. McGregor, and Viorica Marian, “Lexical-Semantic anization in Bilingual Children: Evidence from a Repeated Wo
rd Association Task,” Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 49, no. 3 （2006）: 572—587, https:\/\/d\/10.1044\/1092-4388（2006\/041）\/.
12 關注重要的事情，fog on what’s important: Michelle M. Martin-Rhee and Ellen Bialystok, “The Development of Two Types of Inhibitory trol in Monolingual and Bilingual Children,” Bilingualism: Language and ition 11, no. 1 （2008）: 81—93, https:\/\/d\/10.1017\/S136672890 7003227.
13 某個版本的Flanker任務，version of the Flaask: Rosario Rueda Jin Fan, Bru
ce D. Mdliss, Jessica D. Halparin, Dana B. Gruber, Lisha Pappert Lercari, and Michael I. Posner, “Development of Attentional works in Childhood,” Neuropsychologia 42, no. 8 （2004）: 1029—1040, https:\/\/d\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2003.12.012.
14 隻需要一兩秒鍾的時間，takes only a sed or two: Sujin Yang, Hwajn Yang, and Barbara Lust, “Early Childhood Bilingualism Leads to Advances iive Attention: Dissociating Culture and Language,” Bilingualism: Language and ition 14, no. 3 （2011）:
412—422, https:\/\/d\/10.1017\/S1366728910000611.
15 心智理論，Theory of mier Navarro, Vi DeLuca, and Eleonora Rossi, “It Takes a Village: Usiwork Sce to Identify the Effect of Individual Differences in Bilingual Experience for Theory of Mind,” Brain Sces 12 （2022）: 487, https:\/\/d\/10.3390\/brainsci12040487\/.
16 錯誤信念任務，false-belief task: Paula Rubio-Fernandez and Sam Glucksberg, “Reasoning About Other People’s Beliefs: Bilinguals Have an Advantage,” Journal of Experimen
tal Psychology: Learning, Memory, and ition 38 （2011）: 211—217, https:\/\/d\/10.1037\/a0025162\/.
17 用雙語養育的嬰兒，babies who were being raised with two languages: ǐgnes Melinda Kovǐd Jacques Mehler, “itive Gains in 7-Month-Old Bilingual Infants,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sces 106, no. 16 （2009）: 6556—6560, https:\/\/d\/10.1073\/pnas.0811323106\/.
18 心理學家詹妮·薩弗瑞及其同事，Jenny Saffran and colleagues: Jenny R. Saffran, Richard N. Aslin, and Elissa L. Newport, “Statistical Learn
ing by 8-Month-Old Infants,” Sce 274, no. 5294 （1996）: 1926—1928, https:\/\/d\/10.1126\/sce.274.5294.1926\/.
19 學習新語言的能力，ability to learn a new language: Margarita Kaushanskaya and Viorica Marian, “The Bilingual Advantage in Novel Word Learning,” Psyic Bulletin & Review 16, no. 4 （2009）: 705—710, https:\/\/d\/10.3758\/PBR.16.4.705\/.
20 音樂家往往是更好的語言學習者，musis are ofteer language learners: Julie Chobert and Mireille Besson, “Musical Expertise and Sed Language Learning,” Br
ain Sces 3, no. 2 （2013）: 923—940, https:\/\/d\/10.3390\/brainsci3020923\/.
21 與音樂相關的任務上表現得更好，perform better oain music-related tasks: Paula M. Roncaglia-Denissen, Drikus A. Roor, Ao , and Makiko Sadakata, “The Enhanced Musical Rhythmic Perception in Sed Language Learners,” Frontiers in Human Neurosce 10 （2016）: 288, https:\/\/d\/10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00288\/.
22 9個月大的雙語嬰兒，nine-month-old bilingual babies: Liquan Liu and Rene Kager, “Enhanced Musisitivity in 9-Month-Old Bi
lingual Infants,” itive Processing 18 （2016）: 55—65, https:\/\/d\/10.1007\/s10339-016-0780-7\/.
23 依賴經驗的大腦重塑提高執行能力，executive fun through experience-depe plasticity: Sylvain Moreno, Zofia Wodniecka, William Tays, Claude Alain, and Ellen Bialystok, “Inhibitory trol in Bilinguals and Musis: Eveed Potential （ERP） Evidence for Experience-Specific Effects,” PloS ONE 9, no. 4 （2014）: e94169, https:\/\/d\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0094169\/.
24 雙語者、音樂家和雙語音樂家，bilinguals, musi
s, and bilingual musis: Scott R. Schroeder, Viorica Marian, Anthony Shook, and James Bartolotti, “Bilingualism and Musiship Enhance itive trol,” Neural Plasticity 2016, https:\/\/d\/10.1155\/2016\/4058620\/.
25 兩組大規模的數據，twe-scale data sets: Andree Hartanto, Hwajin Yang, and Sujin Yang, “Bilingualism Positively Predicts Mathematical petence: Evidence from Twe-Scale Studies,” Learning and Individual Differences 61 （2018）: 216—227, https:\/\/d\/10.1016\/j.lindif.2017.
12.007\/.
26 雙語雙向沉浸式課程，bilingual two-way immersion （TWI） program: Viorica Marian, Anthony Shook, and Scott R. Schroeder, “Bilingual Two-Way Immersirams Be Academic Achievement,” Bilingual Research Journal 36, no. 2 （2013）: 167—186, https:\/\/d\/10.1080\/15235882.2013.818075\/.
27 雙向沉浸的其他好處，other bes of two-way immersion: Nicholas Block, “The Impact of Two-Way Dual-Immersirams on Initially English-Dominant Latino Students’ Attitudes,” Bilingual Research Journal 34, no. 2 （20
11）: 125—141, https:\/\/d\/10.1080\/15235882.2011.598059\/.
28 對文化和語言與己不同的人抱有的積極態度，positive attitudes toward others: Nicholas Blod Lorena Vidaurre, “paring Attitudes of First-Grade Dual Language Immersion Versus Mainstream English Students,” Bilingual Research Journal 42, no. 2 （2019）: 129—149, https:\/\/d\/10.1080\/15235882.2019.1604452\/.
29 執行功能方麵的優勢，executive-fun advantages: Alena G. Esposito, “Executive Funs in Two-Way Dual-Language Education: A Meism for Academic Perf
ormance,” Bilingual Research Journal 43, no. 4 （2020）: 417—432, https:\/\/d\/10.1080\/15235882.2021.1874570\/.
30 在評估雙語兒童時通常隻用一種語言，ofteed in one language: Erika Hoff, thia Core, Silvia Place, Rosario Rumiche, Melissa Señor, and Marisol Parra, “Dual Language Exposure and Early Bilingual Development,” Journal of Child Language 39, no. 1 （2012）: 1—7, https:\/\/d\/10.1017\/S0305000910000759\/.
31 如果把兩種語言都計算在內，when ted across both languages: Lisa M. Bedore, Elizabeth D. Peǐa, Melissa Garc
a, and a Cortez, “ceptual Versus Monolingual Sg,” Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 36, no. 3 （2005）: 188—200,https:\/\/d\/10.1044\/0161-1461（2005\/020）\/.
32 所掌握的單詞總數與單語兒童相當，parable bined number of words: Annick De Houwer, Marc H. Bornstein, and Diane L. Putnick, “A Bilingual-Monolingual parison of Young Children’s Vocabulary Size: Evidence from prehension and Produ,” Applied Psycholinguistics 35, no. 6 （2014）: 1189—1211, https:\/\/d\/10.1017\/S014
2716412000744\/.
33 與單語兒童在單種語言的詞彙量上不再有差別，no longer differ from monolingual children in vocabulary size: Vivian M. Umbel and D. Kimbrough Oller, “Developmental ges iive Vocabulary in Hispanic Bilingual School Children,” Language Learning 44, no. 2 （1994）: 221—242, https:\/\/d\/10.1111\/j.1467-1770.1994.tb01101.x\/.
34 在解決語言競爭時，brain when resolving linguistipetition: Viorica Marian, Sarah Chabal, James Bartolotti, Kailyn Bradley, and Arturo E. Hernandez, “Differential Recruitment of
Executive trions During Phonological petition in Monolinguals and Bilinguals,” Brain and Language 139 （2014）: 108—117, https:\/\/d\/10.1016\/j.bandl.2014.10.005\/.
35 多語者和超多語者的大腦，brains of polyglots and hyperpolyglots: Olessia Jouravlev, Zachary Mineroff, Idan A. Blank, and Evelina Fedorenko, “The Small and Effit Language work of Polyglots and Hyper-Polyglots,” Cerebral Cortex 31, no. 1 （2021）: 62—76, https:\/\/d\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa205\/.
36 雙語者的腦幹，the brain stem of bilingu
als encoded: Jennifer Krizman, Viorica Marian, Anthony Shook, Erika Skoe, and Nina Kraus, “Subcortical Eng of Sound is Enhanced in Bilinguals aes to Executive Fun Advantages,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sces 109, no. 20 （2012）: 7877—7881, https:\/\/d\/10.1073\/pnas.1201575109\/.
第六章 不同的語言，不同的靈魂
1 一千多名雙語者被問及，more than a thousand bilinguals were asked: Jean-Marc Dewaele and Aa Pavlenko, “Web Questionnaire on Bilingualism aions,” Uy of London, 2001
—2003.
2 外傾性、宜人性和責任感的得分要高於用西班牙語進行的測試，higher oraversion, Agreeableness, and stiousness: Nairan Ramirez-Esparza, Samuel D. Gosling, Veronica Be-Martinez, Jeffrey P. Potter, and James W. Pennebaker, “Do Bilinguals Have Two Personalities? A Special Case of Cultural Frame Switg,” Journal of Resear Personality 40, no.2 （2006）: 99-120, .scedire\/sce\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0092656604000753 ?via%3Dihub\/.
3 針對漢英雙語者的研究，study with ese-English bilinguals: Michael Ross, Ela
ine Xun, and Anne Wilson, “Language and the Bicultural Self,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 28 （2020）: 1040—1050, https:\/\/d\/10.1177\/01461672022811003\/.
4 根據不同的文化規範修正自己行為，modifying one’s behavior to different cultural norms: Chi-Ying g, Fiona Lee, and Verónica Be-Martnez, “Assimilation and trast Effects in Cultural Frame Switg: Bicultural Identity Iion and Valence of Cultural Cues,” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 37, no. 6 （2006）: 742—760, https:\/\/doi.o
rg\/10.1177\/0022022106292081\/.
5 在兒童時期就可以觀察到， already be observed during childhood: Maykel Verkuyten and Katerina Pouliasi, “Biculturalism Among Older Children: Cultural Frame Switg, Attributions, SelfIdentification, and Attitudes,” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 33, no. 6 （2002）: 596—609, https:\/\/d\/10.1177\/0022022102238271\/.
6 經濟行為，eic behavior: M. Keith , “The Effect of Language on Eic Behavior: Evidence from Savings Rates, Health Behaviors, airement Assets,
” Ameri Eic Review 103, no. 2 （2013）: 690—731, https:\/\/d\/10.1257\/aer.103.2.690\/.
7 一位雙語作家在她的自傳中描述，a bilingual writer describes: Eva Hoffman, Lost in Translation: A Life in a New Language （New York: Penguin, 1990）.
8 在不同語言之間改變自己的感受，shift how they feel across languages: Julie Sedivy, Memory Speaks: On Losing and Reclaiming Language and Self （Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard Uy, 2021）.
9 日語中的“amae”，the emotions amae in Japanese: Yu Niiya, Phoebe C. Ellsworth, and Susumu Ya
maguchi, “Amae in Japan and the Uates: An Exploration of a ǐCulturally Unique’ Emotioion 6, no. 2 （2006）: 279—295, https:\/\/d\/10.1037\/1528-3542.6.2.279\/.
10 一種甜蜜與天真的撒嬌依賴，presumed indulgent dependency: Takeo Doi, The Anatomy of Dependeokyo: Kodansha Iional, 1971）.
11 伊菲魯克語中的“fago”，fago in Ifaluk: Naomi Quinn, “Adult Attat Cross-Culturally: A Reanalysis of the Ifaluk Emotion Fago,” in Attat Residered, eds. Naomi Quinn and Jeae Marie Mageo （New York
: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013）, 215—239, https:\/\/d\/10.1057\/9781137386724_9\/.
12 愛與悲憫的混合體，mix of love, passion, and sadness: Catheriz, “Ethnopsychology pared to What? Explaining Behavior and sciousness Among the Ifaluk,” in Person, Self, and Experience: Expl Pacific Ethnopsychologies, eds. Geoffrey M. White and John Kirkpatrick （Berkeley: Uy of California Press, 1985）, 35—79.
13 印度的“lajja”，lajja in Bengali: Usha Menon and Richard A.Shweder, “Kali’s Tongue: Cultural Ps
ychology and the Power of Shame in Orissa, India,” iion and Culture: Empirical Studies of Mutual Influence, eds. Shinobu Kitayama and Hazel Rose Markus （Washington, DC: Ameri Psychological Association, 1994）, 241—282.
14 童年失憶症研究，article about childhood amnesia: Jody Usher and Ulrieisser, “Childhood Amnesia and the Beginnings of Memory for Four Early Life Events,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 122 （1993）: 155—165, https:\/\/d\/10.1037\/0096-3445.122.2.155\/.
15 回憶生物、化學、曆史
和神話等學科的知識，recalling knowledge in subjectsa: Viorica Marian and Caitlin M. Fausey, “LanguageDepe Memory in Bilingual Learning,” Applied itive Psychology 20, no. 8 （2006）: 1025—1047, https:\/\/d\/10.1002\/acp.1242\/.
16 證人對確定性的估計，estimated certainty of a witness: Luna Filipovi, Bilingualism in A （Cambridge: Cambridge Uy Press, 2019）.
17 語言在法律環境中如何影響記憶，language influences memory in legal settings: Elizabeth F. Loftus, Eyewitestimony （Cambridge, MA: Harvard Uy Pres
s, 1996）.
18 將捏造的事件接受為真實的記憶，accepted the fabricated event as a true memory: Elizabeth F. Loftus and Jacqueline E. Pickrell, “The Formation of False Memories,” Psychiatrials 25, no. 12 （1995）: 720—725, https:\/\/d\/10.3928\/0048-5713-19951201-07.
19 編造了一個關於開車撞狗的事件，a fabricated event about hitting a dog: Viorica Marian, “Two Memory Paradigms: Genuine and False Memories in Word Lists and Autobiographical Recall,” in Trends in Experimental Psychology Research, ed. Dia. Rosen （New York: Nova
Sce Publishers, 2005）, 129—142.
20 《那些離開奧梅拉斯的人》，The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas: Ursula K. Le Guin, The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas, （Mankato, MN: Creative Education, 1993）.
21 甚至可以抑製迷信， even suppress superstition: stantinos Hadjichristidis, Ja Geipel, and Luca Surian, “Breaking Magic: Fn Language Suppresses Superstition,” Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 1 （2019）: 18—28, https:\/\/d\/10.1080\/17470218.2017.1371780\/.
22 使用外語可以係統地改變判斷和偏好，fn languag
e systematically alter: Donnel A. Briley, Michael W. Morris, and Itamar Simonsson, “Cultural Chameleons: Biculturals, ity Motives, and Deaking,” Journal of er Psychology 15, no. 4 （2005）: 351—362, https:\/\/doi\/abs\/10.1207\/s15327663jcp1504_9\/.
23 自我構念，self-strual: Viorica Marian and Margarita Kaushanskaya, “Self-strual aion in Bicultural Bilinguals,” Journal of Memory and Language 51, no. 2 （2004）: 190—201, https:\/\/d\/10.1016\/j.jml.2004.04.003\/.
24 非母語的積極反饋
會引發更少的賭博參與，non-native language elicited fewer gambles: Shan Gao, Ondrej Zika, Robert D. Rogers, and Guillaume Thierry, “Sed Language Feedback Abolishes the ǐHot Hand’ Effect During Even-Probability Gambling,” Journal of Neurosce 35, no. 15 （2015）: 5983—5989, https:\/\/d\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3622-14.2015\/.
25 1979年經典的“疾病問題”，the 1979 “Disease Problem”: Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, “Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision Under Risk,” Eetrica 47, no. 2 （1979）: 263—291, https:\/\/doi
.\/10.2307\/1914185\/.
26 偏誤在使用外語的情況下會減少，bias is reduced in a fn language: Boaz Keysar, Sayuri L. Hayakawa, and Sun Gyu An, “The Fn-Language Effect: Thinking in a Fn Tongue Reduces Decision Biases,” Psychological Sce 23, no. 6 （2012）: 661—668, https:\/\/d\/10.1177\/0956797611432178\/.
27 核能、殺蟲劑、化肥和納米技術，nuclear power, pesticides, chemical fertilizers, and nanoteology: stantinos Hadjichristidis, Ja Geipel, and Lucia Savadori, “The Effect of Fn Language in Judgments
of Risk and Be: The Role of Affect,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 21, no. 2 （2015）: 117—129, https:\/\/d\/10.1037\/xap0000044\/.
28 願意飲用經認證的安全循環水，likely to driified-safe recycled water: Ja Geipel, stantinos Hadjichristidis, and Ahrin Klesse, “Barriers to Sustainable ption Attenuated by Fn Language Use,” Nature Sustainability 1, no. 1 （2018）: 31—33, https:\/\/d\/10.1038\/s41893-017-0005-9\/.
29 即使是醫療決定，even medical decisions: Sayuri Hayakawa, Yue
Pan, and Viorica Marian, “Language ges Medical Judgments and Beliefs,” Iional Journal of Bilingualism 26, no. 1 （2021）: 104—121, https:\/\/d\/10.1177\/13670069211022851\/.
30 接受預防性護理（如接種疫苗），accepting preventative care （like vaations）: Ja Geipel, Leigh H. Grant, and Boaz Keysar, “Use of a Language Intervention to Reduce Vae Hesitancy,” Stific Reports 12, no. 1 （2022）: 1—6, https:\/\/d\/10.1038\/s41598-021-04249-w\/.
31 治療（如手術），medical treatments （like surgeries）: Sayuri
Hayakawa, Yue Pan, and Viorica Marian, “Using a Fn Language ges Medical Judgments of Preventative Care,” Brain Sces 11, no. 10 （2021）: 1309, https:\/\/d\/10.3390\/brainsci11101309\/.
第二部分 社會
第七章 終極影響者
1 新語的目的，“the purpose of Newspeak”: Gee Orwell, 1984 （London: Secker & Warburg, 1949）.
2 “政治語言……是為了”，“political language...is designed”: Gee Orwell, “Politid the English Language” （London: Horizon, 1946）.
3 奧巴馬講話的方式會有所不同，President Baraa spoke differently: Nicole Holliday, “
ǐMy Presiden （t） and Firs （t） Lady Were Black’: Style, text, and al Stop Deletion in the Speech of Barad Michelle Obama,” Ameri Speech: A Quarterly of Linguistic Usage 92, no. 4 （2017）: 459—486, https:\/\/d\/10.1215\/00031283-6903954\/.
4 “西班牙裔的”+“迎合”的合成詞，hispandering: Benjamin Zimmer and Charles E. Carson, “Among the New Words,” Ameri Speech 87, no. 4 （Winter 2012）: 491—510, https:\/\/d\/10.1215\/00031283-2077633.
5 以西班牙語為目標的政治運動，Spanish-targeted political campaigns: Alejand
ro Flores and Alexander Coppock, “Do Bilinguals Respond More Favorably to didate Advertisements in English or in Spanish?” Political unication 35, no. 4 （2018）: 612—633, https:\/\/d\/10.1080\/10584609.2018.1426663\/.
6 對一位西英雙語白種人候選人的態度調查，survey of Republi voter attitudes: Jessica Lavariega Monforti, Melissa Michelson, and Annie Franco, “Por Quieén Votaraá? Experimental Evidence About Language, Ethnicity, and Vote Choice （Among Republis）,” Politics, Groups, & Identities 1, no. 4 （2013）:
475—487, https:\/\/d\/10.1080\/21565503.2013.842491\/.
7 政治文章有西班牙語版本，political articles had Spanishlanguage versions: Joshua Darr, Brittany Perry, Johanna Dunaway, and Mingxiao Sui, “Seeing Spanish: The Effects of LanguageBased Media Choices oment and Belonging,” Political unication 37, no. 4 （2020）: 488—511.
8 廣告口號，marketing slogans: Eric Yorkston aa Menon, “A Sound Idea: Phoic Effects of Brand Names on er Judgments,” Journal of er Research 31, no. 1 （2004）: 43
—51, https:\/\/d\/10.1086\/383422\/.
9 用母語表述更具情感，more emotional iive language: Stefano Puntoni, Bart De Langhe, and Stijn Van Osselaer, “Bilingualism and the Emotional Iy of Advertising Language,” Journal of er Research 35, no. 6 （2009）: 1012—1025, https:\/\/d\/10.1086\/595022\/.
10 導致對該商品的所有權感減弱，weaker feel i ngs of ownersh i p: Mustafa Karata?, “Making Decisions in Fn Languages: Weaker Senses of Ownership Attehe Endowment Effect,” Journal of er Psycholog
y 30, no. 2 （2020）: 296—303, https:\/\/d\/10.1002\/jcpy.1138\/.
11 對西班牙語和英語產品廣告的好感度，Spanish versus English product ads: Cecilia Alvarez, Paul Miniard, and James Jaccard, “How Hispanic Bilinguals’ Cultural Stereotypes Shape Advertising Persuasiveness,” Journal of Business Research 75 （2017）: 29—36, https:\/\/d\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2017.02.003\/.
12 與家庭有關的廣告，ads related to the home: Ryall Carroll and David Luna, “The Other Meaning of Fluency,” Journal of Advertising 40, no. 3 （2011）: 73—84, https:\/
\/d\/10.2753\/JOA0091-3367400306\/.
13 印度的奢侈品廣告，ads for luxury goods: Aradhna Krishna and Rohini Ahluwalia, “Language Choi Advertising to Bilinguals: Asymmetric Effects for Multinationals Versus Local Firms,” Journal of er Research 35, no. 4 （2008）: 692—705, https:\/\/d\/10.1086\/592130\/.
14 廣告語言的選擇，language of ads matters: Camelia Mid Robin A. Coulter, “Advertising in English in Nonnative English-Speaking Markets: The Effect of Language and Self-Refereng in Advertising in R
omania on Ad Attitudes,” Journal of East-West Business 16 （2010）: 67—84, https:\/\/d\/10.1080\/10669860903558433\/.
15 同樣是薯片廣告，advertising of potato chips: Joshua Freedman and Dan Jurafsky, “Authenticity in America: Class Distins in Potato Chip Advertising,” Gastronomica 11, no. 4 （2011）: 46—54, https:\/\/d\/10.1525\/gfc.2012.11.4.46\/.
16 食品的廣告語言，language of food advertising: Dan Jurafsky, The Language of Food: A Linguist Reads the Menu （New York: W. W. Norton & pany, 2014）.
17 察覺操縱性的語言，d
eteg manipulative language: Evelina Leivada, Natalia Mitrofanova, and Marit Westergaard, “Bilinguals Are Better Than Monolinguals iing Manipulative Discourse,” PloS ONE 16, no. 9 （2021）: e0256173, https:\/\/d\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0256173\/.
18 政治言論，political statements: David Miller, Cecilia Solis-Barroso, and Ro Delgado, “The Fn Language Effe Bilingualism: Examining Prosocial Se After Offeaking,” Applied Psycholinguistics 42, no. 2 （2021）: 395—416, https
:\/\/d\/10.1017\/S0142716420000806\/.
19 蕭伯納的《皮格馬利翁》，Gee Bernard Shaw’s Pygmalion: Gee Bernard Shaw, Pygmalion, in Four Plays by Bernard Shaw （New York: Random House, 1953）, 213—319.
20 研究語言變化的社會語言學實驗，sociolinguistic experiments that examined language variation: William Labov, Sociolinguistic Patterns （Philadelphia: Uy of Pennsylvania Press, 1972）.
21 瑪莎葡萄園研究，Martha’s Vineyard study: William Labov, “The Social Motivation of a Sound ge,” Word 19, no. 3 （1963）: 273—309, https:\/\/doi