.\/10.1080\/00437956.1963.11659799\/.
22 關於她的祖先本傑明·班納克的書，book about her aor Benjamin Banneker: Rachel Webster, Benjamin Banneker and Us: Eleven Geions of an Ameri Family （New York: Henry Holt, 2023）.
23 其他廣泛使用的語言，other widely spoken languages: “The Most Spoken Languages in America,” WorldAtlas, https:\/\/orldatlas.\/articles\/the-most-spoken-languages-in-america.html.
第八章 文字之變
1 “聽到藍鬆鴉鳴叫”，“you hear a blue jay”: Robin Kimmerer, “Speaking of Nature,” Orion Magazine, June 12, 2017, http
s:\/\/orionmagazine.\/article\/speaking-of-nature\/.
2 對事物進行分類的方法十分有趣，divide things into categories in iing ways: Gee Lakoff, Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things （Chicago: Uy of Chicago Press, 1987）.
3 德英雙語者對鑰匙的描述，German-English bilinguals described a key: Boroditsky, Schmidt, and Phillips, “Sex, Syntax, aics,” in Language in Mind: Advances iudy of Language and Thought, eds. Dedre Gentner and Susan Goldin-Meadow （Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003）, 61—79.
4 關於語法性別的實驗，exp
eriment on grammatical gender: Lera Boroditsky, Lauren A. Schmidt, and Webb Phillips, “Sex, Syntax, aics,” 61—79.
5 性別效應迅速顯現，gender effects emerged quickly: Webb Phillips and Lera Boroditsky, “ Quirks of Grammar Affect the Way You Think? Grammatical Gender and Object cepts,” Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the itive Sce Society 25, no. 25 （2003）: 928—933.
6 評估和幹預資源，assessment and intervention resources: 2 Languages 2 Worlds, “2 Languages 2 Worlds,” accessed February 18,
2022, 2languages2worlds.wordpress..
7 26%的學齡兒童，26 pert of school-age children: Uates sus Bureau, “Language Use,” accessed February 18, 2022, https:\/\/.sus.gov\/topics\/population\/language-use.html\/.
8 雙語教育在政治上的話題，bilingual education tinues: National Association for Bilingual Education, “Wele to the National Association for Bilingual Education,” accessed February 18, 2022, https:\/\/nabe.\/.
9 這一問題上的紛爭，argue against bilingual education: Richard Ruez, Hunger of
Memory: The Education of Richard Ruez （New York: Bantam, 2004）.
10 將雙語教育比作冰山模型，Iceberg Model of bilingual education: Jim Cummins, Bilingualism and Special Education: Issues in Assessment and Pedagogy （Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters, 1984）.
11 學業成績上存在差異，differences in the academic achievement: John U. Ogbu, “Variability in Minority Respoo Schooling: Nonimmigrants vs. Immigrants,” in Interpretive Ethnography of Education: At Home and Abroad, ed. Louise Spindler （Hillsdale, NJ: L. Erlb
aum, 1987）, 255—278.
第九章 翻譯的發現
1 1933年的一項研究，a 1933 study: Shigeto Tsuru and Horace Fries, “A Problem in Meaning,” Journal of General Psychology 8 （1933）: 281—284, https:\/\/d\/10.1080\/00221309.1933.9713186\/.
2 45對反義詞的含義與它們的英語翻譯相匹配，match the meanings of forty-five antonym pairs: Sayuri Hayakawa and Viorica Marian, “Sound Symbolism in Language and the Mind,” submitted for peer review, 2022.
3 《柏拉圖對話錄》中蘇格拉底的言辭，Socrates described in Plato’s dialogues: Plato, The Dialogues of Plato （New York: Bantam C
lassics, 1986）.
4 對聲音和符號的關係判斷都是基於聲音的聲學線索，soundsymbol judgments on the acoustic cues: Klemens Knoeferle, Jixing Li, Emanuela Maggioni, and Charles Spence, “What Drives Sound Symbolism? Different Acoustic Cues Underlie Sound-Size and Sound-Shape Mappings,” Stific Reports 7, no. 1 （2017）: 1—11, https:\/\/d\/10.1038\/s41598-017-05965-y\/.
5 “白日的夢者”，“those who dreams by day”: Edgar Allahe Fal of the House of Usher: And Other Tales （New York: Sig Classics, 2006）.
6 四腿字母“m”，fged ver
sion of the letter m: “Tag Archives: Aram Saroyan,” Brief Poems, accessed June 1, 2022, https:\/\/briefpoems.wordpress.\/tag\/aram-saroyan.
7 “一個字母誕生的特寫”，“closeup of a letter being born”: Bob Grumman, “MNMLST POETRY,” Light and Dust Mobile Anthology of Poetry, 1997, https:\/\/.thi\/~grist\/l&d\/grumman\/egrumn.htm.
8 《最短最甜的歌》，The Shortest and Sweetest of Songs: Joseph Johnson, Gee Maald: A Biographical and Critical Appreciation（London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd., 1906）.
9 “All mimsy were
the boves……”: Lewis Carroll, Through the Looking-Glass （London: Macmillan, 1872）.
10 一首絕句，a four-line ese poem: Eliot Weinberger, een Ways of Looking at Wang Wei （New York: New Dires, 2016）.
11 尼采《查拉圖斯特拉如是說》，zsche’s Zarathustra: Friedrich Wilhelm zsche, Thus Spoke Zarathustra: A Book for Al and rans. Walter Arnold Kaufmann （New York: Penguin Books, 1978）.
12 世界上最傑出的語言學習者，world’s most extraordinary language learners: Michael Erard, Babel No More: The Search for the W
orld’s Most Extraordinary Language Learners （New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012）.
13 稱為“Gavagai”的思想實驗，the Gavagai thought experiment: Willard van Orman Quiwo Dogmas of Empiricism,” in Challeo Empiricism, ed. Harold Morick （Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1980）, 46-69.
14 情感和策略相互作用，affed strategy i: Sayuri Hayakawa, James Bartolotti, and Viorica Marian, “Native Language Similarity During Fn Language Learning: Effects of itive Strategies and Affective States,” Applied
Linguistics 42, no. 3 （2021）: 514—540, https:\/\/d\/10.1093\/applin\/amaa042\/.
15 雙語者比單語者更善於學習，easier for bilinguals than monolinguals to learn: James Bartolotti, Viorica Marian, Scott R. Schroeder, and Anthony Shook, “Bilingualism and Inhibitory trol Influeatistical Learning of Novel Word Forms,” Frontiers in Psychology 2 （2011）, https:\/\/d\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2011.00324\/.
16 更快、更好地學習新語言，learn new languages faster aer: Margarita Kaushanskaya and Viorica Marian, “The Bilingual Adv
antage in Novel Word Learning,” Psyic Buletin & Review16, no. 4 （2009）: 705—710, https:\/\/d\/10.3758\/PBR.16.4.705\/.
17 雙語者的抑製性控製實踐，bilinguals’ practice with inhibitory trol: Margarita Kaushanskaya and Viorica Marian, “Bilingualism Reduative-Language Interference During Novel-Word Learning,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and ition 35, no. 3 （2009）: 829—835, https:\/\/d\/10.1037\/a0015275\/.
18 通過鼠標追蹤實驗，Using mouse trag: James Bartolotti and Viorica
Marian, “Language Learning and trol in Monolinguals and Bilinguals,” itive Sce 36, no. 6 （2012）: 1129-1147, https:\/\/d\/10.1111\/j.1551-6709.2012.01243.x\/.
19 共用大寫字母的維恩圖，Venn diagram showing the uppercase letters: Wikipedia, “Venn Diagram,” last modified January 5, 2022, https:\/\/en.wikipedia.\/wiki\/Venn_diagram\/.
20 從認知上管理所有語言之間的競爭卻也變得越來越困難，increasingly more demanding to itively manage: Narges Radman, Lea Jost, Setareh Dorood, Christian Mani, and Jean-Marie Annoni, “Language
Distance Modulates itive trol in Bilinguals,” Stific Reports 11, no. 24131 （2021）, https:\/\/d\/10.1038\/s41598-021-02973-x\/.
第十章 思維的密碼
1 計算機進行的對話，puters engage in versations: Nico Grant and Cade Metz, “Google Sidelines Engineer Who Claims Its A.I. Is Se,” New York Times, June 12, 2022, https:\/\/.nytimes.\/2022\/06\/12\/teology\/google-chatbot-ai-blake-lemoiml.
2 蘇美爾語楔形文字，eiform wedge-shaped characters: Saad D. Abulhab, “eiform and the Rise of Early Alphabets
in the Greater Arabian Peninsula: A Visual Iigation” （New York: Y Academic Works, 2018）, https:\/\/academicworks.y.edu\/cgi\/viewtent.cgi?article=1257& text=jj_pubs\/.
3 列夫·托爾斯泰在1936年寫道，Leo Tolstoy wrote in 1936: Leo N. Tolstoy, Polnoe Sobranie Soeni （plete Collected Works）, vol. 8 （Moscow: Jubilee, 1936）, 70.
4 兒童發明單詞，children spontaneously iing words: Kornei Chukovsky, From Two to Five （Berkeley: Uy of California Press, 1963）.
5 “黑客的霍格沃茨”，“Hogwarts for Hackers”: Kli
nt Finley, “Hogwarts for Hackers: Ihe Sd Tech School of Tomorrow,” WIRED, May 31, 2013, https:\/\/ired.\/2013\/05\/hogwarts-for-hackers\/.
6 克林貢語語音映射到符號，map Klingon sounds to symbols: Csilla Kiss and Marianne Nikolov, “Developing, Piloting, and Validating an Instrument to Measure Young Learners’ Aptitude,” Language Learning 55, no. 1 （2005）: 99—150, https:\/\/d\/10.1111\/j.0023-8333.2005.00291.x\/.
7 Wug測試，The Wug Test: Jean Berko, “The Child’s Learning of English Morphology,” W
ord 14, no. 2—3 （1958）: 150—177, https:\/\/d\/10.1080\/00437956.1958.11659661\/.
8 莫爾斯碼，Morse code: James Bartolotti, Viorica Marian, Scott R. Schroeder, and Anthony Shook, “Statistical Learning of a Morse Code Language Is Improved by Bilingualism and Inhibitory Ability,” Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the itive Sce Society 33 （2011）: 885—890.
9 叫作Colbertian的微型人工語言，mini artificial language called Colbertian: James Bartolotti and Viorica Marian, “Language Learning and trol in Mono
linguals and Bilinguals,” itive Sce 36, no. 6（2012）: 1129—1147, https:\/\/d\/10.1111\/j.1551-6709.2012.01243.x.
10 將個體蜜蜂訓練出“大於”或“小於”的數字概念，individual honeybees were traio the numerical cepts: Scarlett R. Howard, Aurore Avargues-Weber, Jair E. Garcia, Andrew D. Greentree, and Adrian G. Dyer, “Numerical of Zero in Honey Bees,” Sce 360, no. 6393 （2018）: 1124—1126, https:\/\/d\/10.1126\/sce.aar4975.
11 蜜蜂的非凡能力，abilities of bees: Karl Von Frisch, Bees: Their Vision,
Chemical Senses, and Language （IthaY: ell Uy Press, 2014）.
12 諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎，Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medie: Peter Marler and Donald Griffin, “The 1973 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medie,” Sce 182, no. 4111 （1973）: 464—466, doi:10.1126\/sce.182.4111.464\/.
13 南美泡蟾的交配競賽，mating petitions of túngara frogs: Gary J. Rose, “The Numerical Abilities of Anurans and Their Neural Correlates: Insights from Neuroethological Studies of Acoustiunication,” Philosophical Trans
as of the Royal Society B: Biological Sces 373, no. 1740 （2018）: 20160512, https:\/\/d\/10.1098\/rstb.2016.0512.
14 一個人能記住多少位數，how many digits one remember: Stanislas Dehaehe Number Sense: How the Mind Creates Mathematiew York: Oxford Uy Press, 2011）.
15 語言中數字詞較長的人需要更長的時間來完成心算題，longer words for ake longer: Nick Ellis, “Linguistic Relativity Revisited: The Bilingual Word-Length Effe W Memory During ting, Remembering Numbers, aal Calcul
ation,” in itive Processing in Bilinguals, ed. R. J. Harris （Amsterdam: NorthHolland, 1992）, 137—155.
16 數學被證明是一個很特殊的例子，math proves to be a special case: Stanislas Dehaene, Elizabeth Spelke, Philippe Pinel, Ruxanda Stanescu, and Sanna Tsivkin, “Sourathematical Thinking: Behavioral and Brain-Imaging Evidence,” Sce 284, issue 5416 （1999）: 970-974. OI: 10.1126\/ sce.284.5416.970.
17 基本算術等簡單的數學任務，math tasks l ike basic arithmetic: Elena Salillas and Nicole Y. Y. Wicha, “Early Learni
ng Shapes the Memory work for Arithmetic: Evidence from Brain Potentials in Bilinguals,” Psychological Sce 23, no. 7 （2012）: 745—755, https:\/\/d\/10.1177\/0956797612446347.
18 雙語大腦的基底神經節反應更大，bilingual brains responded more to neroblems: Aocd tel S. Prat, “Bilingualism Trains Specific Brain Circuits Involved in Flexible Rule Sele and Application,” Brain and Language 137 （2014）: 50—61, https:\/\/d\/10.1016\/j.bandl.2014.07.005\/.
19 數學專家大腦網絡，braiworks of
expert mathematis: Marie Amalrid Stanislas Dehaene, “ins of the Braiworks for Advanced Mathemati Expert Mathematis,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sces 113, no. 18 （2016）: 4909—4917, https:\/\/d\/10.1073\/pnas.1603205113\/.
20 排列組合問題，permutation problems: “Permutation,” Wikipedia, last modified March 20, 2022, https:\/\/en.wikipedia.\/wiki\/Permutation\/.
第十一章 科技的未來
1 幼蝙蝠發出的咿呀聲，babbling of baby bats: Ahana A. Fernandez, Lara S. Burchardt, Martina Nagy, and Mir
jam Knornschild, “Babbling in a Vocal Learning Bat Resembles Human Infant Babbling,” Sce 373, no. 6557 （2021）: 923—926, https:\/\/.sce.\/doi\/10.1126\/sce.abf9279.
2 螞蟻會與外來螞蟻交流，ants unicate with their guests: Bert Holldobler, “unicatioween Ants and Their Guests,” Stific Ameri 224 （1971）: 86—95, doi:10.1038\/stificameri0371-86\/.
3 它們所用的語言可以被分析出來，their language be analyzed: Zhanna Reznikova and Boris Ryabko, “Analysis of the Language of Ants by Information-
Theoretical Methods,” Problemy Peredachi Informatsi 22, no. 3 （1986）: 103—108.
4 蘑菇可以使用多達50種不同的電脈衝，mushrooms use up to ifty different: Andrew Adamatzky, “Language of Fungi Derived from Their Electrical Spiking Activity,” Royal Society Open Sce, April 6, 2022, https:\/\/d\/10.1098\/rsos.211926\/.
5 “蘑菇通訊員”，“champignon” unicators: Linda Geddes, “Mushrooms unicate with Each Other Using up to 50 ǐWords,’ Stist Claims,” The Guardian, April 6, 2022.
6 族群語言很快變得不那麼穩定，dialects quickly b
ecame less stable: Alison J. Barker Grigorii Veviurko, Nigel C. Be, Daniel W. Hart, Lina Mograby, and Gary R. Lewin, “Cultural Transmission of Vocal Diale the Naked Mole-Rat,” Sce 371, no. 6528 （2021）: 503—507, https:\/\/d\/10.1126\/sce.abc6588.
7 最先進的腦機接口，cutting-edge brain-puter interfaces: Jihun Lee, Vi Leung, Ah-Hyoung Lee, Jiannan Huang, Peter Asbeck, Patrick P. Mercier, Stephen Shellhammer, Lawrence Larson, Farah Laiwalla, and Arto Nurmikko, “Neural Rec and
Stimulation Using Wireless works of Miplants,” Nature Eleics 4, no. 8 （2021）: 604—614, https:\/\/d\/10.1038\/s41928-021-00631-8\/.
8 神經粒子是散布在大腦各處的微小芯片，neurograins are tiny microchips: Emily Mullin, “ǐNeurograins’ Could Be the Brainputer Interfaces,” WIRED, September 13, 2021, https:\/\/ired.\/story\/neurograins-could-be-the--brain-puterinterfaces\/?mod=djemfoe\/.
9 收集一個人的神經活動，並使用技術將其翻譯，garner one’s neural activity and use teology: Steven Gulie, “A Shock to the Sy
stem,” WIRED, March 1, 2007, https:\/\/ired.\/2007\/03\/brainsurgery.
10 幫助那些喪失溝通能力或生來就沒有溝通能力的人，help people who have lost the ability to unicate: Francis R. Willett, Donald T. Avansino, Leigh R. Hochberg, Jaimie M. Henderson, and Krishna V. Shenoy, “High-Performance Brain-to-Text unication Via Handwriting,” Nature 593, no. 7858 （2021）: 249—254, https:\/\/d\/10.1038\/s41586-021-03506-2.
11 已經完成了概念驗證，proof-of-cept options already available: Arielle Pardes, “Elon Musk Is About to Show
Off His Neuralink Brain Implant,” WIRED, August 28, 2020, https:\/\/ired.\/story\/elon-musk-neuralink-brain-implant-v2-demo.
12 “生命中最可悲的就是……”，“the saddest aspect of life”: Isaac Asimov and Jason Shulman, eds., Isaac Asimov’s Book of Sd Nature Quotations （London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988）.
13 “有兩樣東西讓人的心靈……”，“two things fill the mind”: Immanuel Kant, Critique of Practical Reason, trans. Lewis White Beck （London: Liberal Arts Press, 1985）.
14 “科學不僅……”，“sce is not only”: Carl Sagan,
The DemonHaunted World: Sce as a dle in the Dark （New York: Random House, 2011）.
15 回報數字甚至高達20美元，$20 in social bes per $1:Benjamin F. Jones and Lawrence H. Summers, “A Calculation of the Social Returns to Innovation,” in Innovation and Public Policy, eds. Austan Goolsbee and Benjamin F. Jones （Chicago: Uy of Chicago Press, 2020）.
16 中國的研發投資，iment in researd development: Benjamin F. Jones, “Sd Innovation: The Under-Fueled Engine of Prosperity,” in Rebuilding
the Post-Pandemiy, eds. Melissa S. Kearney and Amy Ganz （Washington, DC: Aspen Institute Press, 2021）.
17 由移民創辦的公司所雇傭的總人數，immigrant-founded firms employ more people: Jones, “The Under-Fueled Engine of Prosperity.”
18 “階層問題”互動網站，“Class Matters” iive: David Leonhardt, “A Closer Look at Inobility,” New York Times, May 14, 2005, https:\/\/.nytimes.\/2005\/05\/14\/national\/class\/a-closer-look-at-inobility.html.
19 “語言哲學的研究”，“the history of research”: Umberto Eco, Kant and the
Platypus: Essays on Language and ition, trans. Alastair M （New York: Harcourt Brace, 2000）.
20 根據作者背景決定引用對象的不平衡現象，imbalances in who gets cited: Jordan D. Dworkin Kristin A. Linn, Erin G. Teich, Perry Zurn, Russell T. Shinohara, and Danielle S. Bassett, “The Extent and Drivers of Gender Imbalan Neurosce Reference Lists,” Nature Neurosce 23, no. 8 （2020）: 918—926, https:\/\/d\/10.1038\/s41593-020-0658-y\/.
21 瑞士十分之一的GDP，oh of Swiss GDP: Simon Bradley, “Languages Ge
e Oh of Swiss GDP,” Swissinfo.ovember 20, 2008, https:\/\/issinfo.g\/languages-geeoh-of-swiss-gdp\/7050488\/.
22 歐盟委員會報告稱11%的歐洲中小企業，European issioed that 11 pert: The European ission “ELAN:Effects on the European Ey of Shes of Fn Languages Skills ierprise,” CILT, the National tre for Languages （2006）, https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/assets\/eaguages\/policy\/strategic-framework\/dots\/elan_en.pdf.
23 英國每年的經濟損失約為500億英鎊，U.K. ey i
s losing approximately ￡50 billion a year: James Foreman-Ped Yi Wang, “The Costs to the UK of Language Deficies as a Barrier to UK E in Exp,” UK Trade and Iment, May 9, 2014, https:\/\/.gov.uk\/gover\/publications\/the-costs-to-the-ukof-language-deficies-as-a-barrier-to-uk-e-in-exp.
24 培訓多語勞動力，training a multilingual workforce: Judith F. Kroll and Paola E. Dussias, “The Bes of Multilingualism to the Personal and Professional Development of R
esidents of the US,” Fn Language Annals 50, no. 2 （2017）: 248—259, https:\/\/d\/10.1111\/flan.12271\/.
25 耳聲發射研究，study of otoacoustic emissions: Viorica Marian, Tuan Q. Lam, Sayuri Hayakawa, and Sumitrajit Dhar, “Spontaneous Otoacoustic Emissions Reveal an Effit Auditory Efferework,” Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 61, no. 11 （2018）: 2827—2832, https:\/\/d\/10.1044\/2018_JSLHR-H-18-0025\/.
26 有雙語經驗的人耳聲發射的變化更大，bilingual experience had larger ges: Viorica Maria
n, Tuan Q. Lam, Sayuri Hayakawa, and Sumitrajit Dhar, “Top-Down itive and Linguistifluences on the Suppression of Spontaneous Otoacoustic Emissions,” Frontiers in Neurosce 12, no. 378 （2018）, https:\/\/d\/10.3389\/fnins.2018.00378\/.
27 隱藏的調節因素，hidden moderator driving findings: Krista Byers-Heinlein, Alena G. Esposito, Adam Winsler, Viorica Marian,Dina C. Castro, Gigi Luk, Benjamin Brown, and Jasmine DeJesus, “The Case for Measuring aing Bilingualism in Developmental Resear
ch,” Colabra: Psychology 5, no. 1 （2019）, d\/10.1525\/collabra.233\/.
28 層次結構、生成性、遞歸性，hierarchical structure, geiveness, recursion: Marc D. Hauser, Noam sky, and W. Tecumseh Fitch, “The Faculty of Language: What Is It, Who Has It, and How Did It Evolve?” Sce 298, no. 5598 （2002）: 1569—1579, https:\/\/d\/10.1126\/sce.298.5598.1569\/.
輕鬆愉快的尾聲
1 幾十年來沒有說過的語言，language not spoken for decades: Ludmila Isurin and Christy Seidel, “Traemory for a Lost Childhood Language: T
he Savings Paradigm Expanded,” Language Learning 65, no. 4 （2015）: 761—790, https:\/\/d\/10.1111\/lang.12133\/.
2 七種類型的智力，seven types of intelligence: Hardner, Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences （New York: Basic Books, 1983）.
3 自然主義智能，later, naturalistitelligence: Hardner, Inteligence Reframed: Multiple Inteligences for the 21st tury （New York: Basic Books, 1999）.
4 智力是……的個人價值，interpret i ntell igence as one’s worth: Richard J. Hernnstein and Charles Murray,
The Bel Curve （New York: Free Press, 1994）.
5 每年多掙近7000美元，$7,000 more per year: Christopher Davis, “In Florida, It Pays to Be Bilingual, Uy of Florida Study Finds,” Uy of Florida, January 31, 2000, https:\/\/news.ufl.edu\/archive\/2000\/01\/in-florida-it-pays-to-be-bilingual-uy-of-floridastudy-finds.html\/.
6 一項針對669 498人的大規模分析，large-scale analysis of 669 498 people: Joshua K. Hartshorne, Joshua B. Tenenbaum, and Steven Pinker, “A Critical Period for Sed Language Acquisition: E
vidence from 2\/3 Million English Speakers,” ition 177 （2018）: 263—277, https:\/\/d\/10.1016\/j.ition.2018.04.007\/.
7 沒有發現臨界年齡總存在的證據，no evidence for a critical age: Frans van der Slik, Job Schepens, Theo Bos, and Roeland van Hout, “Critical Period Claim Revisited: Reanalysis of Hartshorenenbaum, and Pinker （2018） Suggests Steady Dee and Learype Differences,” Language Learning 72, no. 1 （2021）: 87—112, https:\/\/d\/10.1111\/lang.12470\/.
8 根據美國國務院提供的外語培訓數據，data from the
U.S. Department of State: U.S. Department of State, “Fn Language Training,” accessed June 22, 2022, https:\/\/.state.gov\/fnlanguage-training\/.
9 僅僅幾個月沉浸於另一種語言中的經曆，a few months of experience immersed: Aakahesu Tabori, Dennis Wu, and Judith F. Kroll, “Sed Language Immersion Suppresses the Native Language: Evidence from Learners Studying Abroad,” Proceedings of the Iional Symposium on Bilingualism （2019）: 90.
10 參加西班牙語入門課程僅6個月，six months of taking an Introdu to Spani
sh: Margot D. Sullivan, Monika Janus, Sylvain Moreno, Lori Astheimer, and Ellen Bialystok, “Early Stage SedLanguage Learning Improves Executive trol: Evidence from ERP,” Brain and Language 139 （2014）: 84—98, https:\/\/d\/10.1016\/j.bandl.2014.10.004\/.
11 為期一周的蓋爾語強化課程，intensive one-week Gaelic course:Thomas H. Bak, Madeleine R. Long, Mariana Vega-Mendoza, and Antonella Sorace, “y, Challenge, and Practice: The Impact of Intensive Language Learning on Attentional Funs,” PloS ONE 1
1, no. 4 （2016）: e0153485, https:\/\/d\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0153485\/.
12 瑞典武裝部隊翻譯學院的新兵，i nterpreter Academy recru its: Johan Mårtensson, Johan Eriksson, Nils Christian Bodammer, Magnus Lindgren, Mikael Johansson, Lars Nyberg, and Martin Lövdén, “Growth of Language-Related Brain Areas After Fn Language Learning,” NeuroImage 63, no. 1 （2012）: 240—244, https:\/\/d\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.06.043\/.
13 通過智能手機應用程序學習語言，language learning through smartphone apps: Jed A. Meltzer, Mira Kates Rose,
Anna Y. Le, Kiah A. Spencer, Leoldstein, Alina Gubanova, Abbie C. Lai, Maryam Yossofzai, Sabrina E. M. Armstrong, and Ellen Bialystok, “Improvement iive Fun for Older Adults Through Smartphone Apps: A Randomized ical Trial paring Language Learning and Brain Training,” Aging, Neuropsychology, and ition （2021）: 1—22, https:\/\/d\/10.1080\/13825585.2021.1991262\/.
14 雙語或多語能力，ability to speak two or more languages: Viorica Marian and Anthony Shook, “The itive Benefi
ts of Being Bilingual,” Cerebrum, October 31, 2012, https:\/\/dana.\/article\/theitive-bes-of-being-bilingual.
15 帶來的認知和社會效益，itive and social bes that e with it: Samantha P. Fan, Zoe Liberman, Boaz Keysar, and Katherine D. Kinzler, “The Exposure Advantage: Early Exposure to a Multilingual Enviro Promotes Effective unication,” Psychological Sce 26, no. 7 （2015）: 1090—1097, https:\/\/d\/10.1177\/0956797615574699\/.