參考文獻
序言
1 《寧靜之星》，A Tranquil Star: Primo Levi, “A Tranquil Star,” The New Yorker, February 12, 2007, https:\/\/yorker.agazine\/2007\/02\/12\/a-tranquil-star.
2 斯坦福大學的神經科學家，neurostists at Stanford Uy: Russell A. Poldrack, Yaroslav O. Halko, and Stephen José Hanson, “Deg the Large-Scale Structure of Brain Fun by Classifyial States Across Individuals,” Psychological Sce 20, no. 11 （2009）: 1364—1372, https:\/\/d\/10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2009.02460.x\/.
3 機器學習中湧現的類似
概念，structs that emerged from mae learning: Russell A. Poldrad Tal Yarkoni, “From Brain Maps to itive Ontologies: Informatid the Searental Structure,” Annual Review of Psychology 67 （2016）: 587—612, https:\/\/d\/10.1146\/annurev-psych-122414-033729\/.
4 理解與描述一座橋，perceive and describe a bridge: Lera Boroditsky, Lauren A. Schmidt, and Webb Phillips, “Sex, Syntax, aics,” in Language in Mind: Advances iudy of Language and Thought, eds. Dedre Gentner and S
usan Goldin-Meadow （Cambridge: MIT Press, 2003）, 61—79.
5 無生命物體的陰陽性，grammatical gender of inanimate objects: Steven Samuel, Geoff Cole, and Madeline J. Eacott, “Grammatical Gender and Linguistic Relativity: A Systematic Review,” Psyic Buletin & Review 26, no. 6 （2019）: 1767—1786, https:\/\/d\/10.3758\/s13423-019-01652-3\/.
6 美國航天局的火星氣候探測器，NASA’s Mars Climate Orbiter：National Aeronautid Space Administration, “Mars Climate Orbiter,” last modified July 25, 2019, https:\/\/solarsystem.nasa.go
v\/missions\/mars-climate-orbiter\/ih\/.
7 與鈴木意圖相去甚遠的其他含義，“the word has other meanings”：National Security Agency, “Mokusatsu: One Word, Two Lessons,” accessed February 18, 2022, https:\/\/.nsa.gov\/portals\/75\/dots\/news-features\/declassified-dots\/tech-journals\/mokusatsu.pdf\/.
8 將阿爾茨海默病和其他類型的癡呆症延遲，delays Alzheimer’s: Ellen Bialystok, Fergus I. M. Craik, and Morris Freedman, “Bilingualism as a Prote Against the O of Symptoms of Dementia,” Neuropsychologia 45, no. 2 （2007）: 459—46
4, https:\/\/d\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2006.10.009\/.
第一部分 自我
1 我語言的界限，“the limits of my language”: Ludwig Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus （London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1922）.
第一章 不可思議的思維切換
1 在家裏說英語之外的語言，other than English at home: Karen Zeigler and Steven A. Camarota, “67.3 Million in the Uates Spoke a Fn Language at Home in 2018,” ter for Immigration Studies （2019）: 1—7, https:\/\/cis.\/sites\/default\/files\/2019-10\/camarotalanguage-19_0.pdf\/.
2 新的方法，new methods:
Sayuri Hayakawa and Viorica Marian, “Studying Bilingualism Through Eye-Trag and Brain Imaging,” in Bilingual Lexical Ambiguity Resolution, eds. Roberto R. Heredia and Anna B. Cielicka （Cambridge: Cambridge Uy Press, 2020）, 273—299.
3 實驗所使用的眼動追蹤技術，experiments in my lab: Northwestern Uy, “Bilingualism and Psycholinguistics Lab,” accessed February 18, 2022, .bilingualism.northwestern.edu\/.
4 受到我們會的語言以及此刻正在說的語言的影響，influenced by the languages we know: Viorica Marian, “The
Language You Speak Influences Where Your Attention Goes,” Stific Ameri, December 5, 2019, https:\/\/blogs.stificameri.\/observations\/the-language-you-speak-influences-where-your-attention-goes\/.
5 眼動情況被記錄，eye movements are recorded: Viorica Marian, “Bilingual Language Processing: Evidence from Eye-Trag and Funal Neuroimaging,” （PhD diss., ell Uy, 2000）.
6 英語中發音近似的物體，objects with names overlapping in English: Viorica Marian and Michael Spivey, “peting Activatio
n in Bilingual Language Processing: Within-aween-Language petition,” Bilingualism: Language and ition 6, no. 2 （2003）: 97—115, https:\/\/d\/10.1017\/S1366728903001068\/.
7 兩種語言中發音近似的物體，overlap across the two languages:Michael J. Spivey and Viorica Marian, “Cross Talk Between Native and Sed Languages: Partial Activation of an Irrelevant Lexi,” Psychological Sce 10, no. 3 （1999）: 281—284, https:\/\/d\/10.1111\/1467-9280.00151\/.
8 另一種語言被平行激活，parallel activation of the other
language: Viorica Marian and Michael Spivey, “Bilingual and Monolingual Processing of peting Lexical Items,” Applied Psycholinguistics 24, no. 2 （2003）: 173—193, https:\/\/d\/10.1017\/S0142716403000092\/.
9 斯特羅普任務，Stroop task: Ellen Bialystok, Fergus I. M. Craik, and Gigi Luk, “itive trol and Lexical Access in Younger and Older Bilinguals,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and ition 34, no. 4 （2008）: 859—873, https:\/\/d\/10.1037\/0278-7393.34.4.859\/.
10 關注油墨顏
色，pay attention to the ink color: Viorica Marian, Henrike K. Blumenfeld, Elena Mizrahi, Ursula Kania, and AnneKristin Cordes, “Multilingual Stroop Performance: Effects of Trilingualism and Profi Inhibitory trol,” Iional Journal of Multilingualism 10, no. 1 （2013）: 82—104, https:\/\/d\/10.1080\/14790718.2012.708037\/.
11 在講英語時說那是自由女神像，Statue of Liberty when speaking English: Viorica Marian and Margarita Kaushanskaya, “Language text Guides Memory tent,” Psyic Buletin
& Review 14, no. 5 （2007）: 925—933, https:\/\/d\/10.3758\/BF03194123\/.
12 記憶的可及性因語言而異，accessibility of memories varies across languages: Viorica Marian and Margarita Kaushanskaya, “Language-Depe Memory: Insights from Bilingualism,” iioween Language and Memory, ed. elia ZelinskyWibbelt （Peter Lang, 2011）, 95—120.
13 “語言依賴性記憶”，Language-Depe Memory: Viorica Marian and Ulrieisser, “Language-Depe Recall of Autobiographical Memories,” Journal of Experimental Psycholo
gy: General 129, no. 3 （2000）: 361—368, https:\/\/d\/10.1037\/0096-3445.129.3.361\/.
14 “我愛你”這句話，用母語和非母語說出的感覺是不同的，“I love you” feels different: Jean-Marc Dewaele, “The Emotional Weight of I Love You in Multilinguals’ Languages,” Journal matics 40, no. 10 （2008）: 1753—1780, https:\/\/d\/10.1016\/j.pragma.2008.03.002\/.
15 從與母語的深度聯係中做一個情感的剝離， provide more emotional detat: Viorica Marian and Margarita Kaushanskaya, “Words, Feelings, and Bilingualism: Cross-Linguistic Differences in E
motionality of Autobiographical Memories,” The Mental Lexi 3, no. 1 （2008）: 72—91, https:\/\/d\/10.1075\/ml.3.1.06mar\/.
16 外語效應，Fn Language Effect: Sayuri Hayakawa, Albert Costa, Alice Foucart, and Boaz Keysar, “Using a Fn Language ges Our Choices,” Trends in itive Sces 20, no. 11 （2016）: 791—793, https:\/\/d\/10.1016\/j.tics.2016.08.004\/.
17 經典電車困境，classic trolley dilemma: Albert Costa, Alice Foucart, Sayuri Hayakawa, Melina Aparici, Jose Apesteguia, Joy Heafner, and
Boaz Keysar, “Your Morals Depend on Language,” PloS ONE 9, no. 4 （2014）: e94842, https:\/\/d\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0094842\/.
18 關於作弊的實驗，this time oing: Yoella Bereby-Meyer, Sayuri Hayakawa, Shaul Shalvi, Joanna D. Corey, Albert Costa, and Boaz Keysar, “Hoy Speaks a Sed Language,” Topi itive Sce 12, no. 2 （2020）: 632—643, https:\/\/d\/10.1111\/tops.12360\/.
第二章 大腦：並行處理的超級有機體
1 記錄這些無意識的眼球運動，rec these unscious eye movements: Uy of Western Ontario, “Lab T
utorials,” accessed February 18, 2022, https:\/\/sites.google.\/site\/kenmcraelab\/labtutorials\/.
2 聽覺輸入與來自你環境的視覺輸入整合，ied with the visual input: Viorica Marian, “Audio-Visual Iion During Bilingual Language Processing,” in The Bilingual Mental Lexi: Interdisciplinary Approaches, ed. Aa Pavlenko （Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters, 2009）, 52—78.
3 “隱性協同激活”的證據，evidence for such “covert coactivation”: Anthony Shook and Viorica Marian, “Covert CoActivation of Bilinguals’ Non-Target La
nguage: Phonological petition from Translations,” Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 9, no. 2 （2019）: 228—252, https:\/\/d\/10.1075\/lab.17022.sho\/.
4 句法和語法也存在並行激活的現象，parallel activation for syntax and grammar: Holger Hopp, “The Processing of English Which-Questions in Adult L2 Learners: Effects of L1 Transfer and Proficy,” Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 36, no. 1 （2017）: 107—134, https:\/\/d\/10.1515\/zfs-2017-0006\/.
5 將母語和第二語言的口語和書麵形式統統激活，activates the written and spoken forms:
Margarita Kaushanskaya and Viorica Marian, “Bilingual Language Processing and Interferen Bilinguals: Evidence from Eye Trag and Picture Naming,” Language Learning 57, no. 1 （2007）: 119—163, https:\/\/d\/10.1111\/j.1467-9922.2007.00401.x\/.
6 在字母—聲音的映射上有所不同，differ ier-to-sound mappings: Viorica Marian, James Bartolotti, Natalia L. Daniel,and Sayuri Hayakawa, “Spoken Words Activate Native and NonNative Letter-to-Sound Mappings: Evidence from Eye Trag,” Brain and Language 223 （20
21）: 105045, https:\/\/d\/10.1016\/j.bandl.2021.105045\/.
7 跨語言並行協同激活，parallel co-activation across both languages: Anthony Shook and Viorica Marian, “The Bilingual Language Iiowork for prehension of Speech,” Bilingualism: Language and ition 16, no. 2 （2013）: 304—324, https:\/\/d\/10.1017\/S1366728912000466\/.
8 激活閾值，thresholds of activation: Henrike K. Blumenfeld and Viorica Marian, “straints on Parallel Activation in Bilingual Spoken Language Processing: Examining Profici
end Lexical Status Usirag,” Language and itive Processes 22, no. 5 （2007）: 633—660, https:\/\/d\/10.1080\/01690960601000746\/.
9 在不同的感知模式中發現協同激活，co-activation is even found across different modalities: Anthony Shook and Viorica Marian, “Language Processing in Bimodal Bilinguals,” in Bilinguals: ition, Education, and Language Processing, ed. Earl F. Caldwell （Hauppauge: Nova Sce Publishers, 2009）, 35—64.
10 美式手語—英語這種雙感知模式的雙語者，ASL—English bimodal bilinguals: Marcel R. G
iezen, Henrike K. Blumenfeld, Anthony Shook, Viorica Marian, and Karen Emmorey, “Parallel Language Activation and Inhibitory trol in Bimodal Bilinguals,” ition 141 （2015）: 9—25, https:\/\/d\/10.1016\/j.ition.2015.04.009\/.
11 美式手語實驗圖示，an illustration of the ASL experiment: Anthony Shook and Viorica Marian, “Bimodal Bilinguals Co-Activate Both Languages During Spoken prehension,” ition 124, no. 3 （2012）: 314—324, https:\/\/d\/10.1016\/j.ition.2012.05.014\/.
12 即使在不使用任何詞彙的情況下
，even when no words are used: Sarah Chabal and Viorica Marian, “Speakers of Different Languages Process the Visual World Differently,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 144, no. 3 （2015）: 539—550, https:\/\/d\/10.1037\/xge0000075\/.
13 給被試者增加一些心理負擔，when a mental load was added: Sarah Chabal, Sayuri Hayakawa, and Viorica Marian, “Language Is Activated by Visual Input Regardless of Memory Demands or Capacity,” ition 222 （2022）: 104994, https:\/\/d\/10.1016\/j.ition.2021.104994\/
.
14 多語能力不僅影響語言係統，multilingualism affeot only the language system: Judith F. Kroll, Paola E. Dussias, Cari A. Bogulski, and Je R. Valdes Kroff, “Juggling Two Languages in One Mind: What Bilinguals Tell Us About Language Processing and Its sequences fnition,” Psychology of Learning and Motivation 56 （2012）: 229—262, https:\/\/d\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-394393-4.00007-8\/.
15 平行激活對感知、注意力、記憶及其他認知功能都有影響，parallel activation has repercussions: Viorica Marian, Sayuri Hayakawa, and Scott R. S
chroeder, “Memory After Visual Search: Overlapping Phonology, Shared Meaning, and Bilingual Experienfluence What We Remember,” Brain and Language 222 （2021）: 105012, https:\/\/d\/10.1016\/j.bandl.2021.105012\/.
16 管理這些跨語言競爭，mahe petition across languages: Henrike K. Blumenfeld and Viorica Marian, “Bilingualism Influences Inhibitory trol in Auditory prehension,” ition 118, no. 2 （2011）: 245—257, https:\/\/d\/10.1016\/j.ition.2010.10.012\/.
第三章 創意、知覺和思維
1 與其他國家的某人保持著密切關係
，relationships with someone from another try: Ja G. Lu, Andrew C. Hafenbrack, Paul W. Eastwick, Dan J. Wang, William W. Maddux, and Adam D. Galinsky, “ǐGoing Out’ of the Box: Close Intercultural Friendships and Romantic Relationships Spark Creativity, Workplanovation, arepreneurship,” Journal of Applied Psychology 102, no. 7 （2017）: 1091—1108, https:\/\/d\/10.1037\/apl0000212\/.
2 1010個詞的語義特征，features of 1,010 word meanings: Bill Thompson, Seǐn G. Roberts, and Gary Lupyan, “C
ultural Influences on Word Meanings Revealed through Large-Scale Semantic Alig,” Nature Human Behaviour 4, no. 10 （2020）: 1029—1038, https:\/\/d\/10.1038\/s41562-020-0924-8\/.
3 在希伯來語中翻譯為同一個單詞kli, kli, in Hebrew: Tamar Degani, Anat Prior, and Natasha Tokowicz, “Bidireal Trahe Effect of Sharing a Translation,” Journal of itive Psychology 23, no. 1 （2011）: 18—28, https:\/\/d\/10.1080\/20445911.2011.445986\/.
4 兩個物體的意義相關性，how related in meaning two objects were: Siqi Ning, Say
uri Hayakawa, James Bartolotti, and Viorica Marian, “On Language and Thought: Bilingual Experienfluences Semantic Associations,” Journal of Neurolinguistics 56 （2020）: 100932, https:\/\/d\/10.1016\/j.jneuroling.2020.100932\/.
5 “我因害怕而打架” ，“fight was what I did”: Li-Young Lee, “Persimmons,” in Li-Young Lee, Rose: Poems （Rochester, NY: BOA Editions, 1986）, 17—19.
6 圖像識別任務，ambiguous-igure task: Ellen Bialystok and Dana Shapero, “Ambiguous Bes: The Effect of Bilingualism on Reversing Ambigu
ous Figures,” Developmental Sce 8, no. 6 （2005）: 595—604,https:\/\/d\/10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2005.00451.x\/.
7 對年齡較小的兒童進行的類似實驗，experiments with younger children: Marina C. Wimmer and Christina Marx, “Inhibitory Processes in Visual Perception: A Bilingual Advantage,” Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 126 （2014）: 412—419, https:\/\/d\/10.1016\/j.jecp.2014.03.004\/.
8 繪製現實中不存在的物體，drawing ent objects: Ae Karmiloff-Smith, “straints on Representational ge: Evidence from Ch
ildren’s Drawing,” ition 34, no. 1 （1990）: 57—83, https:\/\/d\/10.1016\/0010-0277（90）90031-E\/.
9 雙語兒童的繪畫，drawings of bilingual childreher Adi-Japha, Jennie Berberich-Artzi, and Afaf Libnawi, “itive Flexibility in Drawings of Bilingual Children,” Child Development 81, no. 5 （2010）: 1356—1366, https:\/\/d\/10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2010.01477.x\/.
10 托倫斯創造性思維測試，Torraest of Creative Thinking: E. Paul Torrance, “Predig the Creativity of Elementary School Children （1958—80）—and the
Teacher Who ǐMade a Difference’,” Gifted Child Quarterly 25, no. 2 （1981）: 55—62, https:\/\/d\/10.1177\/001698628102500203\/.
11 50年後再次接受評估，evaluated again ifty years later: Jonathan A. Plucker, “Is the Proof in the Pudding? Reanalyses of Torrance’s （1958 to present） Longitudinal Data,” Creativity Research Journal 12, no. 2 （1999）: 103—114, https:\/\/doi.or\/10.1207\/s15326934crj1202_3\/.
12 語言遊戲理論，sprachspiel, or language-game: Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Iigations, trans. Gertrude Eliza
beth Margaret Ansbe （New York: Macmillan, 1953）.
13 “也許這是種暗示”，“perhaps it is the suggestion”: John B. Carroll, Language, Thought, ay: Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf （MIT Press, 1956）.
14 把語言稱為“監牢”，language a “prisonhouse”: Erich Heller, “Wittgenstein and zsche,” iist’s Journey into the Interior and Other Essays （London: Secker & Warburg, 1966）, 199—226.
15 曾經治療過一名患有順行性遺忘症的女性，treating a woman with anterograde amnesia: Édouard Claparède, “Réitio moiïté,” Archives d
e psychologie Genève 11 （1911）: 79—90.
16 語言如何塑造時間表征，language shapes the representation of time: Lera Boroditsky, “Does Language Shape Thought?: Mandarin and English Speakers’ ceptions of Time,” itive Psychology 43, no. 1 （2001）: 1—22, https:\/\/d\/10.1006\/cogp.2001.0748\/.
17 愛德華·薩丕爾曾說道，words of Edward Sapir: Edward Sapir, “The Status of Linguistics as a Sce,” Language 5, no. 4 （1929）: 207—214.
18 感官知覺可以被任何東西影響、扭曲和改變，sensory perception be nudged: Peiyao , Ashley g-Fat-Yim, a
nd Viorica Marian, “Cultural Experienfluences Multisensory Emotion Perception in Bilinguals,” Languages 7, no. 1 （2022）: 12, https:\/\/d\/10.3390\/languages7010012.
19 多語經驗改變了多感官整合，multilingual experieers multisensory iion: Viorica Marian, Sayuri Hayakawa, Tuan Q. Lam, and Scott R. Schroeder, “Language Experience ges Audiovisual Perception,” Brain Sces 8, no. 5 （2018）: 85, https:\/\/d\/10.3390\/brainsci805008\/.
20 影響他們一生的感官處理過程，shape sensory processing: Sayuri Hayaka
wa and Viorica Marian, “sequenultilingualism for Neural Architecture,” Behavioral and Brain Funs 15, no. 1 （2019）: 1—24, https:\/\/d\/10.1186\/s12993-019-0157-z\/.
21 使用髒話，using swearwords: Richard Stephens, John Atkins, and Andrew Kingston, “Swearing as a Respoo Pain,” NeuroReport 20, no.12 （2009）: 1056—1060, https:\/\/d\/10.1097\/WR.0b013e32832e64b1\/.
第四章 語言造就的肉身
1 初次涉足多語大腦研究，started to study multilingual brains: Viorica Marian, Michael Spivey, and Joy Hirsch, “Shared and
Separate Systems in Bilingual Language Processing: verging Evidence from Eyetrag and Brain Imaging,” Brain and Language 86, no. 1 （2003）: 70—82, https:\/\/d\/10.1016\/S0093-934X（02）00535-7\/.
2 功能性磁共振成像，funal magic resonance imaging: fMRI 4 Newbies, “fMRI 4 Newbies: A Crash Course in Brain Imaging,” accessed February 18, 2022, .fmri4newbies.\/.
3 交替對抗性失語症，alteragonism aphasia: Michel Paradis, Marie-Claire Goldblum, and Raouf Abidi, “Alteragonism with Par
adoxical Translation Behavior in Two Bilingual Aphasic Patients,” Brain and Language 15, no. 1 （1982）: 55—69, https:\/\/d\/10.1016\/0093-934X（82）90046-3\/.
4 神經學家阿爾伯特·皮雷斯，neurologist Albert Pitres: Albert Pitres, “Etude sur l’aphasie chez les polyglottes,” Revue de Meédie 15 （1895）: 873—899.
5 多語言失語症，multilingual aphasia has been studied: Franco Fabbro, The Neurolinguistics of Bilingualism: An Introdu （London: Psychology Press, 1999）.
6 聲學信息轉化為有意義的單詞，sound transformed into meaningful words:
Liberty S. Hamilton, Yulia Oganian, Jeffery Hall, and Edward g, “Parallel and Distributed Eng of Speech Across Human Auditory Cortex,” Cel 184, no. 18 （2021）: 4626—4639, https:\/\/d\/10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.019\/.
7 《心智的模塊化》去除了某一概念，Modularity of Mind removed the notion: Jerry A. Fodor, The Modularity of Mind （Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1983）.
8 湧現理論中提出的任意一種複雜係統，plex system explained by emergeheory: Steven Johnson, Emergehe ected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities, and Softwar
e （New York: Ser, 2001）.
9 艾倫·圖靈以數學方式描述了湧現背後的原理，described mathematically by Alan Turing: Alan Turing, “The Chemical Basis of Menesis,” Philosophical Transas of the Royal Society of London B 237, no. 641 （1952）: 37—72.
10 自組織和自複製，automatic self-anization and selfrepliarvin Minsky, The Emotion Mae: onsehinking, Artificial Intelligence, and the Future of the Human Mind （New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006）.
11 sleep（睡眠）和green（綠色），words sleep and green: Noam sky,
Syntactic Structures （The Hague: Mouton, 1957）.
12 重塑你的大腦，rewires your brain and transforms it: Sayuri Hayakawa and Viorica Marian, “sequenultilingualism for Neural Architecture,” Behavioral and Brain Funs 15, no. 1 （2019）: 1—24, https:\/\/d\/10.1186\/s12993-019-0157-z\/.
13 灰質密度較高，higher gray-matter density: Andrea Mechelli, Jenny T. ion, Uta Noppeney, John O’Doherty, John Ashburner, Richard S. Frackowiak, and Cathy J. Price, “Structural Plasticity in the Bilingual Brain,” N
ature 431, no. 7010 （2004）: 757, https:\/\/d\/10.1038\/431757a\/.
14 皮層下感覺和運動區，subcortical sensory and mions: Jennifer Krizman and Viorica Marian, “Neural sequences of Bilingualism for Cortical and Subcortical Fun,” in The Cambridge Handbook of Bilingual Processing, ed. John W. Schwieter （Cambridge:Cambridge Uy Press, 2015）, 614—630.
15 參與語言處理部分的大腦結構，brain structures involved in language processing: Viorica Marian, James Bartolotti, Sirada Roavibhata, Kailyn Bradley, a
nd Arturo E. Hernandez, “Bilingual Cortical trol of Between-and Within-Language petition,” Stific Reports 7, no. 1 （2017）: 1—11, https:\/\/d\/10.1038\/s41598-017-12116-w\/.
16 大腦灰質和白質區域，gray-and white-matter regions: Christos Pliatsikas, Elisavet Moschopoulou, and James Douglas Saddy, “The Effects of Bilingualism on the White Matter Structure of the Brain,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sces 112, no. 5 （2015）: 1334—1337, https:\/\/d\/10.1073\/pnas.1414183112\/.
17 代謝物水平存在差
異，differences iabolite levels: Christos Pliatsikas, Sergio Miguel Pereira Soares, Toms Voits, Vi DeLuca, and Jason Rothman, “Bilingualism Is a Long-Term itively Challenging Experiehat Modulates Metabolite trations in the Healthy Brain,” Stific Reports 11, no. 1 （2021）: 1—12, https:\/\/d\/10.1038\/s41598-021-86443-4\/.
18 表觀遺傳例子，heritability due to epigeics: Sharon Begley, “Was Darwin Wrong About Evolution?” Newsweek, January 1, 2009, https:\/\/sweek.\/begle
y-was-darwin-wrong-aboutevolution-78507\/.
19 遺傳兩代，passed down for two geions: Brian G. Dias and Kerry J. Ressler, “Parental Olfactory Experienfluences Behavior and Neural Structure in Subsequent Geions,” Nature Neurosce 17 （2014）: 89—96, https:\/\/d\/10.1038\/nn.3594.
20 “細胞的語言”，“language of the cell”: Biao Huang, Cizhong Jiang, and Rongxin Zhang, “Epigeics: The Language of the Cell?” Epigenomics 6, no. 1 （2014）: 73—88, https:\/\/d\/10.2217\/epi.13.72\/.
21 豐富的刺激性環境，an enri
ched stimulating enviro: Richelle Mychasiuk, Saif Zahir, Nichole Schmold, Slava Ilnytskyy, Olga Kovalchuk, and Robbin Gibb, “Parental Enrit and Offspring Development: Modifications to Brain, Behavior and the Epigenome,” Behavioural Brain Research 228, no. 2 （2012）: 294—298, https:\/\/d\/10.1016\/j.bbr.2011.11.036\/.
22 大屠殺幸存者的子女，children of trauma survivors: Rachel Yehuda, “Trauma in the Family Tree,” Stific Ameri 327, no. 1 （2022）: 50—55, https:\/\/d\/10.1038\/stificameri
0722-5.
23 表觀遺傳的影響，epigeifluences play a role: Shelley D. Smith, “Approach to Epigeialysis in Language Disorders,” Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders 3, no. 4 （2011）: 356—364, https:\/\/d\/10.1007\/s11689-011-9099-y\/.
24 DNA雙鏈斷裂，DNA double-strand breaks: Shaghayegh Navabpour, Jessie Rogers, Taylor McFadden, and Timothy J. Jarome, “DNA Double-Strand Breaks are a Critical Regulator of Fear Memory Resolidation,” Iional Journal of Molecular Sces 21, no. 23 （2020）:
8995, https:\/\/d\/10.3390\/ijms21238995\/.
第五章 從童年到老年
1 額外的四年教育，four extra years of education: Jana Reifegerste, João Veríssimo, Michael D. Rugg, Mariel Y. Pullman, Laura Babcock, Dana A. Glei, Maxiein, Noreen Goldman, and Michael T. Ullman, “Early-Life Eduay Help Bolster Declarative Memory in Old Age, Especially for Women,” Aging, Neuropsychology, and ition 28, no. 2 （2021）: 218—252, https:\/\/d\/10.1080\/13825585.2020.1736497\/.