第四部分閬苑文化賞析Chapter Four
The Appreciation of Langyuan Culture閬苑是中國古代神話傳說中神仙居住的地方。在中國古代神話傳說中，神仙居住的地方可謂不少，其中著名的有五個:東部有蓬萊、瀛洲、方丈三座神山;西部有昆侖山與閬苑。
閬苑在什麼地方呢？據稱在昆侖山之閬風巔（閬風乃一山名）。傳說西王母就住閬苑。
西王母所居的閬苑是個什麼樣子的呢？《集仙錄》中說，西王母“所居宮闕，在龜山、春山西那之都，昆侖之圃，閬風之苑。有城千裏，玉樓十二”。《抱樸子》說：昆侖山有五城十二樓。看來，“五城十二樓”，是閬苑的主要特征。
那麼，閬苑又是如何成了四川閬中之別名的呢？首先，閬中正式建縣是在公元前314年秦國滅掉巴國之後。此時，閬中縣隸屬巴郡；東漢末年及三國時，隸屬巴西郡；隋末唐初，隸屬隆州（郡與州是比縣更大的行政區域）。閬中縣城，曆來既是縣府也是郡府、州府所在地。唐初，高祖李淵之子 ——魯王靈夔和滕王元嬰先後出守閬中，為隆州刺史（刺史為州的最高行政長官，至少相當於今日之地委書記）。李靈夔是李淵之第十九子；李元嬰為李淵之最後一個兒子—— 第二十二子。他倆都是太宗李世民的弟弟、高宗李治的叔叔。李靈夔是在高宗永徽六年（公元655年）來閬中，為隆州刺史；李元嬰是在高宗調露元年（公元679年）到閬中為隆州刺史。他倆先後在閬中為官，不是連續的。元嬰在閬中城西，以皇家規格建了一個華麗的花園，時稱隆苑。“隆”代表隆州，“苑”本意為“養禽獸植林木供帝王貴族打獵遊樂的場所”，泛指園林、花園。開元元年（公元713年），為避唐玄宗李隆基之諱，改隆州為閬州，隆苑也就隨之改為閬苑。從那以後，閬苑就成了閬中城及閬中縣（市）的代名詞。苑城，就是閬中城的簡稱。
天上有個閬苑，人間有個閬苑。仙世與凡世原本相通。“閬苑”這個詞，從它誕生後，就受到了文人墨客的青睞。南朝梁時的庾肩吾，是較早使用“閬苑”一詞的作者之一。他在《山池應令》詩中有這樣一句“閬苑秋光暮，金塘牧潦清”。初唐時，又有許敬宗、慧淨、孔德紹等人在他們的詩歌中使用“閬苑”一詞。到了宋代，詞人們使用“閬苑”一詞的，更是不乏其人，如歐陽修、蘇軾、黃庭堅等（詳見附錄《唐詩宋詞中的“閬苑”》）。清朝作家曹雪芹更有《枉凝眉》（見《紅樓夢》第五回）：“一個是閬苑仙葩，一個是美玉無瑕。若說沒奇緣，今生偏又遇著他。若說有奇緣，為何心事終虛化? 一個枉自嗟呀，一個空勞牽掛。一個是水中月，一個是鏡中花。想眼中能有多少淚珠兒，怎禁得秋流到冬盡，春流到夏！”這首詩在《紅樓夢》的電視劇中已譜成了歌曲。聽著，唱著，不禁讓人潸然淚下。
在文學作品中，“閬苑”一詞，時而指仙境（西王母所居之地），時而指凡境（閬中），時而仙境與凡境混為一談。這都是文學創作的需要。
然而，“閬苑”作為四川閬中的別稱，它所承載的文化內涵，遠比仙世的“閬苑”豐富得多。閬中是一個多元文化的城市。它悠久的曆史，造就了它斑斕的文化。下麵，我就閬中文化的幾個主要方麵，予以淺述。
Langyuan, originally meaning an imperial garden on the Langfeng Mountain, was a place where goddess Xiwangmu lived according to ancient Chinese mythological stories. It was said that there were five holy places where gods, goddesses and immortals liked to live. They were Mts. Penglai, Yingzhou, Fangzhang in eastern China and Mt.Kunlun, Garden Langyuan in western China.
According to ancient books, Langyuan was a fairyland in heaven. It was very big and boasted five towns and twelve pagodas.
But how did it become the alias of Langzhong of Sichuan?First, Langzhong became an official county in 314 BC, just after the Qin Kingdom wiped out the Ba State. At that time, Langzhong County was under the jurisdiction of the Ba Prefecture. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty and during the Three Kingdoms Period, Langzhong County belonged to Baxi Prefecture. And, at the end of the Sui Dynasty and the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, Langzhong County belonged to Long Prefecture. In the early Tang Dynasty, Li Lingkui and Li Yuanying, sons of the first emperor Li Yuan, came to Langzhong and took office as Prefect of Long Prefecture respectively for a period of time. Prince Lu, namely Li Lingkui, was Emperor Li Yuans 19th son. Prince Teng, namely Li Yuanying, was Emperor Li Yuans 22nd son or the last son. They were both Emperor Li Shimins younger brothers and the uncles of Emperor Li Zhi. During their tenure, they had a grand garden built in the western Langzhong Town according to imperial standards. The garden was called Longyuan, meaning the imperial garden of Long Prefecture. But the sound Long caused offence to the later emperor Li Longji ( In feudal China, the name of a place or a person was not allowed to be identical or partly identical to the name of the then emperor). For this reason, the Long Prefecture was renamed as Lang Prefecture and accordingly Longyuan was renamed as Langyuan in the year of 713 AD. From then on, Langyuan became another name of Langzhong.
There are one Langyuan in heaven and one Langyuan on earth. Originally the heaven and the earth were connected. Since the word Langyuan came into being, it has been liked and accepted by men of letters.
In literary works, the word Langyuan sometimes refers to the place in heaven—where Goddess Xiwangmu lives; sometimes refers to the place on earth—where Langzhong is situated; and sometimes both concepts are mixed. All these usages are a need for literary creation. Its understandable.
However, Langyuan as another name of Langzhong in Sichuan holds more cultural connotations than the heavenly Langyuan does. Langzhong is a multicultural city. Its timehonoured history created its colourful culture. Now, Id like to give brief introductions to the main aspects of Langzhong culture. 1.伏羲文化
閬中華胥塑像閬中是人文始祖伏羲的第一故鄉。宋人羅泌在《路史》中說“所都國有華胥之淵，蓋因華胥居之而名，乃閬中俞水之地。”根據《路史》和其他古籍考證，伏羲的母親華胥曾居於閬中南池岸邊，她在那裏懷上了伏羲。後因某種原因，華胥部落北遷，來到甘肅成紀（今秦安）。她在那裏生下了伏羲。
據說，伏羲曾三次回到他的閬中故鄉。
伏羲教人們如何網魚、捕獵和馴養動物。他最大的貢獻是創造了“八卦”。在“八卦”的啟示下，周文王編製了《易經》。《易經》被譽為“群經之首”，對中國文化產生了深遠的影響。
為了紀念伏羲，華胥故鄉七裏壩的人們，很久以前就在長青寺（該寺可追溯到唐朝）裏豎起了伏羲的塑像。不幸的是，該塑像及長青寺，在20世紀50年代被毀。現寺已複建，在寺後的長青山上，立有伏羲和女媧的塑像。
長青寺是探尋伏羲文化的遊覽點。1.Fuxi Culture
Langzhong was the first home town of Fuxi, who was regarded as the ancestor of Chinese nationality. His mother, Huaxu, once lived in the waterside of the South Pool of Langzhong. She was pregnant with Fuxi there. Later, for some reason, she moved north with her tribe and settled down in Chengji (todays Qinan County of Gansu Province). It was there that she gave birth to Fuxi. Several ancient books such as The History of the Road (Lushi) written by Luo Mi in the Song Dynasty and others tell this legendary story.
It was said Fuxi returned to his Langzhong home town three times.
Fuxi taught people how to net fish, hunt and domesticate animals. His important contribution was that he created bagua or the Eight Divination Diagrams. Inspired by bagua, Wenwang, a king of the Zhou Dynasty (about 1066 BC-256 BC), compiled Yijing or The Book of Changes, which thereafter greatly influenced Chinese culture.
In order to remember Fuxi, people in Qiliba, erected a statue of Fuxi long ago in ancient Changqing(Evergreen)Temple (the temple dated back to the Tang Dynasty). Unfortunately, the statue, together with the temple, was fully destroyed in the 1950s. Now the temple has been reconstructed. On the mountain behind the temple, the statues of Fuxi and Nüwa (allegedly Fuxis sister) have been set up for people to worship.
Changqing Temple is a place where people go to learn Fuxi culture, which is also regarded as original culture.2.巴渝文化
巴渝指古代巴國所轄的地域範圍，尤以嘉陵江流域的中下遊為其核心地帶。巴指巴國；渝指嘉陵江，有時特指嘉陵江閬中段。
所謂巴渝文化，是指由古代巴國傳承下來的民風、民俗和民藝。
閬中是古巴國的最後國都，巴人的聚居之地。因而，閬中一帶也就成了巴渝文化的中心。
巴渝文化的典型代表是流傳至今的巴渝舞，有“舞蹈的活化石”之稱。
巴渝舞起源於閬中。商末周初是其初期階段，漢初是其發展、形成階段。
商周時期，閬中一帶已有巴人居住。當時有一個小國，叫彭國，其都城在今彭城鎮。彭國的兵士在戰場上唱一種士歌，並隨歌起舞，以此激勵士氣。這便是巴渝舞的雛形。
閬中巴人參加了武王伐紂的戰爭。《華陽國誌·巴誌》載：
周武王伐紂，實得巴、蜀之師，著乎《尚書》。巴師勇銳，歌舞以淩殷人，前徒倒戈，故世稱之曰：“武王伐紂，前歌後舞”也。
約公元前330年，巴國遷都閬中時，順手滅掉了彭國。
秦末，閬中巴人領袖範目，率七姓賨人（巴人的一支）幫助劉邦東進，還定三秦。《華陽國誌·巴誌》載：
閬中有渝水，賨民多居水左右。天性勁勇，初為漢前鋒，陷陣，銳氣喜舞。帝善之，曰“此武王伐紂之歌也”。乃令樂人習學之，今所謂“巴渝舞”也。
由於劉邦很欣賞巴渝舞，傳至宮中，因而得到進一步的發展。
到明清時，巴渝舞已相當盛行。
明末吳偉業《閬州行》雲：
四座且勿喧，聽我歌閬州。閬州天下勝，錦屏十二樓。歌舞巴渝盛，江山仕女遊。……
清吳密《遊巴西雜詠》曰：
閬苑景色秀，江山十二樓。歌舞巴渝盛，古風尚存留。巴象鼓聲驟，列隊環街遊。今朝聞遺響，遙念範三侯。
此外，巴象鼓或八仙鼓、巴巴鑼、川劇鑼鼓、川北燈戲、竹枝詞等，也都屬於巴渝文化的範疇。2.Bayu Culture
Bayu refers to the territory of the ancient Ba State.
The socalled“Bayu culture”, refers to the traditional folklore, folk custom and folk art handed down from the ancient Ba State.
Langzhong was the last capital of the ancient Ba State. Most of the Ba people lived there, so it naturally became the centre of the Bayu culture.
The Bayu Dance, which was passed down till today, is typical of the Bayu culture. It is considered“ a living fossil of dance”.
The Bayu Dance originated in Langzhong. The end of the Shang Dynasty and the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty was its initial stage.
In the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the Ba people had already been living in Langzhong area. There was a small country called Peng State. Its capital was in todays Pengcheng Town. The warriors of the Peng State sang a kind of military song while dancing simultaneously in battle. In this way the morale could be enhanced. This was the prototype of the Bayu Dance.
The Langzhong Ba people of the Peng State took part in the war that King Wu of the Zhou Dynasty fought against King Zhou of the Shang Dynasty. In the battle, the Ba warriors at the front sang a song while those at the back danced a dance. This event was recorded in the historical book Huayangguozhi or the History of Huayang States.
In about 330 BC, the Ba State relocated its capital to Langzhong. They wiped out the Peng State in passing.
At the end of the Qin Dynasty, Fan Mu, head of the Langzhong Ba people, led a band of locals to help Liu Bang in the war against Xiang Yu. In the battle, the dance was also danced. Liu Bang recognized that it was the very dance used in the King WubeatingKing Zhou war. He appreciated the dance very much and officially named it Bayu Dance. The dance was recommended into the court and the singsong girls were ordered to learn it. So the Bayu Dance was well developed thereafter.
In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Bayu Dance reached its climax.
Besides Bayu Dance, the Baxing Drum, the Baba Gong, the Northern Sichuan Lantern Drama and the Bamboo Poems also belong to the Bayu culture.3.三國文化
四川有著豐富的三國文化旅遊資源。閬中張飛廟就是三國文化旅遊線上的一個亮點。張飛從公元214年到公元221年遇害，共鎮守閬中七年，並任職巴西太守。張飛死後，被諡為桓侯，於閬中建祠。
張飛生於河北涿州，與劉備同鄉。
張飛遇害並葬於閬中是不爭的事實。
有些曆史人物，死於何處，葬於何處，總有爭議。如曹操，有假墳七十二，誰知道他的真墳在何處（據媒體報道其真墳於2009年在河南安陽被發現）？但張飛不同，他死於閬中，葬於閬中；隻有真墳，沒有假墳。陳壽在《三國誌》中說：“先主伐吳，飛當率兵萬人，自閬中會江州。臨發，其帳下將張達、範強殺之，持其首，順流而奔孫權。”《三國誌》的作者陳壽（公元233—297），差不多與張飛是同一曆史時期的人物。陳壽的老家安漢縣（今南充），與閬中縣又同屬巴西郡。且安漢與閬中相距不遠，直線距離一百公裏左右。陳壽是一位治學嚴謹的曆史學家，他是不可能亂寫的。且陳壽的老師譙周，就是閬中人。從時空上講，陳壽是離張飛最近的曆史學家。所以，我們應當相信他對張飛的記述是真實的。《三國演義》同樣承認張飛死於閬中這一事實，羅貫中以一段詩歌為張飛做了總結（見《三國演義》第八十一回）：
安喜曾聞鞭督郵，黃巾掃盡佐炎劉。
虎牢關上聲先震，長阪橋邊水逆流。
義釋嚴顏安蜀境，智欺張郃定中州。
伐吳未克身先死，秋草長遺閬地愁。
此外，《三國誌》和《三國演義》還記述了不少出自閬中的傑出人物，如周舒、周群、周巨、黃權、程畿、譙周、馬忠。他們的事跡進一步豐富了閬中的三國文化。3.Three Kingdoms Culture
Sichuan Province boasts a lot of tourist resources with Three Kingdoms culture. Langzhong Zhang Fei Temple is a highlight in this regard. Zhang Fei garrisoned Langzhong for seven years from 214 AD to 221 AD (the year he was murdered). Meanwhile, he took office as Prefect of Baxi Prefecture. After his death, Zhang Fei was conferred upon a “Huanhou” title, which means “great marquis”. His body was buried in Langzhong while his head was buried in Yunyang of Chongqing. Therefore, in honour of him, two Zhang Fei Temples were set up respectively in Langzhong and Yunyang.
Zhang Fei was born in Zhuozhou City, Hebei Province. Though he was not a Langzhong native, his seven years life in Langzhong deeply impressed Langzhong people. They all loved him.
Besides Zhang Fei, there were some other great people with Langzhong origin during the Three Kingdoms Period. They were Zhou Shu, Zhou Qun, Zhou Ju, Huang Quan, Cheng Ji, Qiao Zhou and Ma Zhong, who were written in The History of the Three Kingdoms and The Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Their stories further enriched Langzhongs Three Kingdoms culture.4.科舉文化
閬中貢院是展示科舉文化的地方。
這種展示科舉文化勝跡的貢院，目前全國僅存兩處—— 閬中貢院和江蘇南京貢院。
明清時，秀才考舉人的地方稱作貢院。從字麵上講，“貢”就是給皇帝貢獻人才。然而實際上，貢院是科舉時代的省級考試中心。這種省考，也就是秀才考舉人，在當時叫做鄉試，每三年舉行一次。一般來講，隻有省會城市才有資格設貢院。一個省隻有一個貢院。然而四川情況特殊，它有兩個貢院，分別在成都和閬中。成都貢院已毀，閬中貢院尚存。
閬中為什麼會設貢院呢？
清初，閬中先納入清朝版圖。清政府派往四川的軍政要員均入住閬中，於是閬中就成了四川省的臨時省會。這種狀況持續了十一年之久，所以在閬中也設置了貢院。
閬中貢院共舉行過四次鄉試，分別在1652、1654、1657、1660年。其中，1652年的鄉試是對1651年鄉試的補考（本應於成都舉行，因戰爭原因未考）。四次鄉試共錄取舉人253名，其中閬中籍舉人58人。
閬中在整個封建時代共考中進士116名，其中包括4 名狀元（進士之第一名稱狀元）；舉人404人（舉人之第一名稱解元）。
閬中是四川的狀元之鄉（四川總共才出了十幾名狀元，閬中有四，比其他任何縣市都多）。
唐朝的兄弟狀元尹樞、尹極，時稱“梧桐雙鳳”。尹樞有《珠還合浦賦》和《華山仙掌賦》傳世。
宋朝的兄弟狀元陳堯叟、陳堯谘以及進士陳堯佐，時稱“閬中三陳”。
三陳的父親陳省華是北宋時朝廷的一名官員，同時也是一名水利專家，許多地方的水利工程以及水患的治理，都是由他負責完成的。在他的影響下，他的兒子們也多擅長治水，尤以二子陳堯佐最有建樹，更是水利專家。所以，他們這一家，被世人譽為“水利世家”。
陳省華的長子陳堯叟與第三子陳堯谘先後中了狀元。次子陳堯佐中了進士。陳堯叟與陳堯佐官至宰相。陳堯谘當了將軍（節度使）。
三陳在考取功名之前，於大像山頂一天然石窟內讀書。這是他們的母親馮氏有意安排的，目的是不讓三個兒子受城市喧囂的影響，以便他們讀書有成。好在三個兒子都很爭氣，均發奮苦讀，最後都考中功名為官為相。三個兒子考中狀元進士後，那個岩洞就成了讀書人朝拜的聖地，被稱之為狀元洞，又名讀書岩。甚至有人在岩洞上緣題刻“出兄弟狀元宰相處”。在眾多朝拜者中，不乏文人名士。如北宋時，當司馬光還是一個小孩的時候，他奎星樓的父親司馬池就帶著他到閬中狀元洞來朝拜過。大文豪蘇軾來朝拜時還親筆題寫了“將相堂”三個字，其拓跡至今仍能見到。
陳家出了兩狀元一進士，且四人同朝為官。這個情況感動了當時的皇帝宋真宗趙恒。趙恒認為這一家是天上的紫薇星下凡，專門來輔佐他治理江山的。於是，他親筆給陳家故裏題了三個字——“紫薇亭”。 如今，在狀元洞的前麵，有一個亭子，就是紫薇亭。其上有宋真宗的禦筆親書 “紫薇亭”三個字的拓刻。
貢院、狀元洞以及奎星樓都是探覓科舉文化的去處。4.Keju Culture