第三部分閬苑傳奇Chapter Three
The Legends about Langyuan1.張飛立馬勒銘翼德善畫工書
在閬中張飛廟，有一塊“立馬勒銘”碑。碑上的文字傳說是張飛所書。它的背景是這樣的：三國時期魏國大將張郃曾經率領三萬人侵犯巴西，他從宕渠（今渠縣）那邊打過來。張飛從閬中出發，帶了一萬人打過去。張飛的一萬人居然打敗了張郃的三萬人，是典型的以少勝多戰例。張飛很興奮，他騎在馬上，用他的丈八蛇矛在岩石上鑿字來記錄這次戰役的勝利。他是這樣寫的：“漢將軍飛率精卒萬人大破賊首張郃於八濛，立馬勒銘”。原本這些文字是刻在八濛山的岩壁上的，後人為了紀念，從岩石上拓製下來做成碑。而閬中的“立馬勒銘”碑又是從雲陽的那塊碑拓製過來的。不過，從該碑上我們可以欣賞到張飛（字翼德）的書法。實際上，張飛是文武雙全的。他不僅能寫出一手好字，還善繪畫。
“立馬勒銘”的碑文是以一種隸書體刻寫的，在當時稱作“八分書”。 1.Zhang Fei Made an Inscription on the
Cliff while Riding on the HorsebackIn Zhang Fei Temple of Langzhong, there is a limaleming tablet, which says that General Zhang Fei of the Han Dynasty brought 10,000 crack soldiers and completely defeated the bandit troops led by Zhang He at Mt. Bameng (The Chinese characters on it are “漢將軍飛率精卒萬人大破賊首張郃於八濛立馬勒銘”). It is said that the characters on this tablet were written by Zhang Fei in person. Here is the background story:
General Zhang He of the Wei Kingdom once invaded Baxi Prefecture. He brought about 30,000 troops and camped at Mt. Bameng, somewhere in todays Quxian County of Dazhou City. Zhang Fei brought 10,000 troops to fight against his enemy and finally he won the battle. The victory made it a typical example that the few could defeat the many. For this reason Zhang Fei was very glad. So he recorded the event by cutting words into the rock with his spear while riding on the standing horse. The inscription was made in a clerical official script, which was called “bafen” script and was popular at that time.
In order to remember Zhang Fei, people copied his handwriting from the cliff onto a tablet. Therefore, people today can enjoy Zhang Feis beautiful calligraphy.2.張郃兵敗八山張飛智取瓦口關
讀《三國演義》第七十回，你會了解到張飛與入侵魏將張郃在閬中瓦口關大戰，最終以張飛智取而獲勝。看《三國演義》電視連續劇，你還能欣賞到瓦口大戰的精彩場麵。
瓦口關地勢險峻，易守難攻。張飛與張郃先是在宕渠八濛山交戰，後張郃不敵張飛，退守瓦口。張飛追至此，因地形特殊，久攻不下。最後，張飛使用計謀，繞道蒼溪，從瓦口關背後突襲，打得張郃措手不及。
但據考證，真瓦口關並不在閬中，可能在今達州市渠縣某處。閬中雖亦有瓦口關，但那是清人根據小說故事所辟的造景。
然而，張飛智取瓦口關的故事卻在閬中民間世代相傳。2.Zhang Fei Captured Wakou Pass by Wisdom
Reading Chapter 70 of The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, you will learn that Zhang Fei and Zhang He had a fierce fight at Wakou Pass in Langzhong. Watching the television series of The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, you can also appreciate the wonderful fighting scenes.
Wakou Pass was a narrow pass on a precipitous cliff. It was easy to defend but difficult to attack. At first, Zhang Fei and Zhang He had a fight on Mt. Bameng. But Zhang He lost the fight and he had to retreat. So he escaped to Wakou Pass and had his routed soldiers camped there. Zhang Fei ran after him to Wakou Pass. He charged several times but couldnt defeat his enemy because of the special terrain. Zhang Fei saw that this pass was seated across the postal road, to the east was the foot of a hill, to the west a cliff, to the south was the way by which he came, to the north was the road to the interior land of the enemy. If he only attacked the enemy from the south side, he could never win. Only a clever plan could work. At last Zhang Fei found a few natives who knew a secret path to the back of the hill. Guided by the natives, Zhang Fei and his men made a detour to the back of the hill, which the enemy didnt know. They came up to the rear of Wakou Pass and attacked the enemy suddenly. Before Zhang He knew what was the matter he and his underlings had been attacked fiercely by Zhang Feis daring soldiers.
But according to research, the real Wakou Pass was not in Langzhong. It might be somewhere in todays Quxian County of Dazhou City. Though there was also a Wakou Pass in Langzhong, it was a vista created artificially in the Qing Dynasty.
However, the story of Zhang Fei capturing Wakou Pass with his ingenious plan has been told among the civilians of Langzhong from generation to generation. 3.急兄仇張飛遇害仰忠義山河同哀
提到張飛遇害，首先要從關羽遇害談起。公元219年，關羽大意失荊州之後敗走麥城。麥城是一個非常小的地方——彈丸之地。關羽到麥城之後，就四處求援,但沒有人援助他。最後關羽憋得沒辦法，隻有從麥城突圍。在突圍過程中，他被東吳呂蒙施詭計給活捉住了。之後，關羽就被送到孫權那裏。孫權素知關公威名，他想很好地款待關公以讓他投降。也就是說，孫權還想用關羽。但是，孫權手下的主簿左鹹則說：“關羽這個人，你一定要把他殺掉。他這個人實在是太忠義了，你不可以改其誌。當年曹操對關羽是掛金封侯,三日一小宴，五日一大宴,但最後，關羽過五關斬六將，殺的全都是曹操手下的人，還是跑到他的主人劉備那裏去了。你想想看，曹操對關羽那麼好都未曾留住他的心，難道你能留住他的心嗎？”孫權想了一下，確實沒有良策能留住關羽，於是便命人把關羽給殺了。
當關羽遇害的消息，傳到劉備的耳朵裏後，劉備悲痛欲絕，同時又非常氣憤。他決定伐東吳為二弟報仇。但他這個決定一作出就遭到大臣們的反對。他們說，兄弟仇乃私仇，國家仇乃大仇。“我們當前的主要敵人，是北方的曹魏（當時曹操已死，曹丕已篡漢），而不是孫權。我們應該集中精力攻打曹魏。”但是，劉備仍堅持伐東吳。最後，關羽遇害的消息又傳到駐在閬中的張飛的耳朵裏。張飛知後更是氣憤。他親自跑到成都去問劉備：“你就忘了我們當年桃園結義了嗎？”張飛這一問，把劉備給逼上了梁山。劉備說：“那就打吧，任何人不得再勸阻。我從成都帶一支部隊出發，你從閬中帶一支部隊出發，我們兩支部隊到江都（今重慶）會合。”時公元221年7月，劉備伐東吳在即。
張飛回到閬中，便叫手下兩員部將範彊、張達在三日內打造一套白盔白甲。張飛的本意是：做一套白顏色的盔甲(也就是一套孝服)，他自己穿在身上，披孝伐吳為二哥報仇。可是，範彊、張達二人在聽話的時候誤解了張飛的意思。他們把白顏色的“白”，理解成了數字的一“百”，以為是張飛要他們在三日之內做一百套盔甲，心想那是不可能完成的。於是，他倆向張飛請求要寬限些時日才行。張飛一聽就火起來了，心想：兩個沒用的東西，用三天時間做一張飛怒鞭範彊、張達套盔甲居然完不成，還敢來請求寬限時日。於是，他將二人飽鞭一頓，然後對他們說：“我恨不能馬上就到東吳之境，你們還敢拖延。三日之內務必完成。若完不成，誤了我的大事，我將斬汝二人示眾。”兩個家夥回去一想，今日已經挨了一頓飽打了，三日之後肯定是完不成的，與其到時你殺我，還不如我殺你。於是，這二賊起了歹心。商量好了之後，他們在晚上找了一個借口進入張飛住處。進去之後，欲殺張飛卻又不敢動手。原來張飛睡覺是睜著眼睛的。那兩個家夥以為張飛知道了他們的陰謀，正在盯他們，嚇得趕緊下跪。他倆跪了一陣，見張飛沒動，卻又聽到他的鼾聲越來越大。其中一個家夥想，張飛肯定還是睡著了。於是，他抽出藏在袖中的短刀，迅速衝上前去，一刀刺進張飛腹部。張飛大叫一聲而亡。這兩個家夥割下張飛的頭，裝入油缸，連夜向東吳趕，準備獻給孫權請功領賞。但當他們跑到重慶雲陽渡口的時候，卻聽到路邊的老百姓在議論，說什麼蜀國與吳國已經議和了，不再打仗了。這兩個家夥想：我們就是拿頭去請功的，現在兩國議和了，我們還拿頭去幹什麼呢？這不等於自投羅網嗎？這樣一來，東吳不敢去了。於是他們就把張飛的頭，扔到長江裏麵。後來被一個漁夫發現了，認得是張飛，就撈了起來。恰在這天晚上，張飛就給這個漁夫托了一個夢，說：“我就是張飛。我生為蜀漢人，死為蜀漢鬼。下邊不遠處就是東吳的疆界，你不要讓我漂到東吳去。請你把我撈起來，就葬在這兒吧”。第二天，那個漁夫就把張飛的頭，按照張飛在夢中的囑托，葬在了鳳凰山上。後人為了紀念張飛，又在雲陽修了一個張飛廟——這就是張飛頭遺雲陽，身在閬中的故事。3.The Murder of Zhang Fei
In 219 AD,the army of the Wu Kingdom invaded Jingzhou Prefecture of the Shu Kingdom and took that area. They captured General Guan Yu and killed him. Guan Yu was Liu Beis second blood brother. When Liu Bei heard the bad news, he got extremely sad; he even wanted to die. When he came to himself from deep sorrow, he got angry with the Wu invaders. He wanted to avenge his deceased brother. So he waged a war against the Wu Kingdom in 221 AD. He ordered Zhang Fei to bring a troop from Langzhong to meet him at Jiangdu, namely todays Chongqing, while he himself brought a troop starting from Chengdu. Before going, Zhang Fei told his two subordinates Fan Qiang and Zhang Da to make a mourning dress for him within three days. But they misheard that Zhang Fei asked them to make a hundred mourning dresses. They thought they couldnt finish the task in a short time so they asked Zhang Fei to give them a few days more. At that time, Zhang Fei was in deep sorrow at the death of his second brother. For this reason he became badtempered. Having known that the two men wanted to delay the task, he beat them. He said, “I hate that I could not be in the Wu territory right now. You dare to play for time. You must finish the task in three days, or I will kill you two before the public.” Therefore, the two men harboured a grudge against Zhang Fei. They thought they surely could not finish the task by the fixed time and they would face a death penalty. So they decided to kill Zhang Fei. At night the two men pretended to report something important to Zhang Fei and with this excuse they entered the place where Zhang Fei slept. At the sight of Zhang Fei, the two men got frightened because they saw him sleeping with his eyes open. They thought he must have known their plot and he was glaring at them，so they quickly knelt down. But they saw Zhang Fei didnt move, and in a short while they heard Zhang Feis snoring become louder and louder. By then did they believe that Zhang Fei was sound asleep. One of them went forward and stabbed Zhang Fei in the stomach with a sharp knife. Zhang Fei screamed with a loud cry and then died. The two bastards cut off Zhang Feis head and put it into an oil jar. They hurried with the jar to the Wu Kingdom at that very night in the hope of getting some rewards from the Wu emperor Sun Quan. However, when they got to the Tongle ferry crossing in Yunyang, they heard that the Shu Kingdom and the Wu Kingdom had reached a peace agreement. On hearing this, they dared not go to the Wu Kingdom for rewards. Therefore, they threw Zhang Feis head in the Yangtze River. A fisherman found it and recognized it might be Zhang Fei, so he picked up the head and took it home. Just that night, he dreamed a dream in which Zhang Fei told him, “Dear fisherman, Im right Zhang Fei. When I was alive, I was a man for the Shu Kingdom. Now Im dead. Id like to be a ghost for the Shu Kingdom. Not far from here is the Wu territory. I dont want to be drifted to that country. Would you be kind enough to pick me up and bury me here?” So the next day, the fisherman buried Zhang Feis head at the Fenghuang Mountain of Yunyang. To remember Zhang Fei, people built another Zhang Fei Temple in Yunyang. This is the story that Zhang Feis head was buried in Yunyang and his body was buried in Langzhong.4.嘉慶下旨桓侯成“帝” 百姓擁戴三爺為“王”
在閬中張飛廟內，塑有一尊張飛的文身帝王像。眾所周知，張飛從未做過皇帝，為何要給他塑一尊帝王像呢？肯定是有原因的。
張飛的文身帝王像張飛在閬中遇害後，被諡(shì)封為“桓侯”。他的屍體就埋在張飛廟大殿的後麵，且當時就建起了墓亭。每年，川北地區的老百姓都要到張飛廟來燒香、磕頭，祭拜張飛（百姓喜稱他為張三爺）。但是，老百姓的這種祭拜，看似熱鬧，卻始終不如文廟裏麵拜孔子隆重。因為在封建社會，曆朝曆代都把孔子奉為聖人。祭拜孔子的活動，得到了官方的承認。而祭拜張飛，卻隻是老百姓自發的民間活動，官方是不認可的。這種情況到了清朝的嘉慶年間，四川總督常明，就把張飛的事跡收集起來，寫成了一個報告，呈獻給了嘉慶皇帝。嘉慶皇帝在讀了報告之後，認為張飛確實是一個非常了不起的人物。於是，他下了一道聖旨，把張飛封為“桓侯大帝”。張飛的名字，也因此進入了春秋祀典。因為這個緣故，於是就塑張飛的文身帝王像。但是，在塑像的時候，又出現了一個問題。如果把張飛塑成一個帝王，那麼劉備往哪裏擺放呢？然而，塑像的作者想出了一個變通的辦法，他讓張飛手持一個玉笏(hù)。玉笏是大臣上朝議政時，所持的一個顯示其臣子身份的東西。所以，這尊塑像本身就自相矛盾。一方麵，張飛是人們心目中的皇帝，是人們崇拜的精神偶像。另一方麵，他又是一個忠心耿耿的大臣。
劉、關、張三結義兄弟都是帝。劉備是蜀漢王朝的真正皇帝，諡為“昭列帝”；關羽在明朝被追封為“關聖帝”；張飛在清朝的嘉慶二十（1815）年被諡封為“桓侯帝”。其實，關羽和張飛早就是人們心目中的精神皇帝。4.Zhang Fei Became an “Emperor”
In Zhang Fei Temple, there is an emperor statue of him. As everybody knows, Zhang Fei had never acted as an emperor for even one day. But why do people erect an emperor statue for him? Heres the reason:
After Zhang Feis death, he was posthumously given a “Huanhou” title, which means “Great Marquis”. And his body was buried in Langzhong. Every year, many local civilians came to Zhang Feis tomb and pay their respect, burning joss sticks and kowtowing. But no matter how grandly the ritual was held, the ceremony would never reach its climax as it was held in the Confucius Temple. Until the reign of Emperor Jiaqing, the governor of Sichuan Province by the name of Chang Ming collected Zhang Feis stories and made a report to Emperor Jiaqing. After reading the report, Emperor Jiaqing considered Zhang Fei a very great person. So he issued an imperial edict that Zhang Fei should be crowned as “Emperor Huanhou”. For this reason, people began to erect an emperor statue for him. However, when the statue was being made, there arose a problem. If Zhang Fei was promoted to an emperor, where would we place Liu Bei? We all know that Liu Bei was the real emperor of the Shu Kingdom. Zhang Fei was just a senior general under him. To solve this problem, the maker of the statue had Zhang Fei hold a jade tablet with both hands. The jade tablet was something that a minister held when he went to discuss political affairs with the emperor in the court. So, this statue is somewhat selfcontradictory. On one hand, Zhang Fei is a spiritual emperor in peoples heart. On the other hand, he was a loyal minister.5.紅賊盜墓雷公擊樹
如今，在閬中張飛墓上，人們還能看到一棵枯死的樹。然而它卻與一個盜墓的故事有關。
“文革”時期，有幾個膽大的紅衛兵，心想張飛墓裏一定埋藏著什麼好東西，他們想盜墓。幾個人商量好了之後就來挖。當他們挖到一定的深度時，出現了一個奇怪的現象——天色突然變了。天空中烏雲滾滾，緊接著就是劈裏啪啦幾個大雷打下來，先是把這棵樹給擊著了。幾個盜墓賊被嚇著了。仁慈的雷公先擊樹，給他們一個警告，看他們懂得起不？好在這幾個賊有自知之明，懂起了，因而撤退了。從此之後，再也沒有人敢盜張飛墓了。5.Zhang Feis Mausoleum was Spared from a Robbery
In Zhang Fei Temple, people can see a dried up tree on the tomb. It is the tree that witnessed the crime of a tombrobbing. The story goes as follows:
During the “Culture Revolution” (1966-1976), some Red Guards thought that there must be some treasures underneath the mausoleum, so they decided to steal the things. After consultation, they went to dig. When they dug to some depth, there arose a strange phenomenon: The sky suddenly changed—black clouds appeared. And soon after, several flashes of lightening with tremendous thunder struck the tree, making some branches break and fall off. Of course, the Red Guards were frightened. They dared not go on digging and then retreated. After that, no one dared to steal things from Zhang Feis mausoleum.6.馬齊巧言勸桓侯張苞幸運娶巴女
張飛從公元214年到公元221年，鎮守閬中達七年之久。在此期間，他任職巴西郡太守（郡治就在閬中），是當時該郡軍政合一的最高行政長官。
在閬中張飛廟裏的張飛帝王像前，塑有兩個人，一個是張飛的長子張苞，另一個是閬中本地人馬齊。很多來參觀的遊客都不知道他們在那兒幹什麼。原來，他們在向人們講述著一個既奇特又浪漫的愛情故事。
張飛的長子張苞有一次去參加巴人的一個聚會（要知道閬中是巴國的最後國都，這兒的人，多數都是巴人的後裔，屬於少數民族）。在聚會上，有位部族酋長的女兒看上了張苞，因為張苞長得很帥。看上張苞之後，他便給張苞扔了一個荷包。張苞看到荷包繡得很精致，就把它撿起來，當做一個耍玩意兒拿回家去了。殊不知，他這一撿，卻惹出一樁事情來。第二天，這些少數民族的人，敲鑼打鼓，抬著轎子，吹著嗩呐，來到了張飛府上。他們來幹什麼呢？——來提親。原來，張苞不知道那荷包是一個愛情的信物。他撿了荷包，就意味著他接受了那女子的愛。他們要張苞娶那女子為妻。然而，當張飛知道這件事情的緣由之後，卻不同意這樁婚事。“這成什麼體統”，他想，“我是蜀漢大將軍，我的兒子是有文化有教養的，而你那部族酋長的女兒，屬於野蠻的少數民族，無知無識，怎配得上我將軍的兒子呢？”也就是說，他認為這門親事不是門當戶對。恰巧就在這關鍵時刻，有一個人站出來說話,他就是閬中本地人馬齊。馬齊對張飛說：“這門親事你一定要同意。你如果同意了，對你今後在閬中地區的治理就非常有利。你要知道他們畢竟是些野蠻的少數民族。”張飛想了一下，覺得馬齊的話的確有道理。於是，他同意了張苞娶那女子為妻。就其結果而言，張飛實際上是采取了一個和親的政策來團結少數民族。6.Zhang Bao Got a Bride by Chance
After Zhang Fei took office as prefect of Baxi Prefecture and was garrisoned in Langzhong, his first son, Zhang Bao, once went to attend a gathering of the local Ba people who was an ethnic minority group there. At the gathering, there was a beautiful girl who was the daughter of the chieftain. She fell in love with Zhang Bao at first sight because Zhang Bao was very handsome and strong. So she threw an embroidered pouch to him. Zhang Bao saw that the pouch was lovely and he picked it up. He thought it was a good thing to play with and brought it home. The next day, a band of the minority tribe, came to Zhang Feis home with drums and gongs beating. Can you guess what they were coming for? Of course they came to get Zhang Bao to marry the daughter. Alas, it turned out that Zhang Bao didnt know the pouch was a token of love. That he picked up the pouch meant that he accepted the love. At this moment, Zhang Fei realized something went wrong. He thought since he himself was a wellknown senior general of the Shu Kingdom, his son could not marry an illiterate girl who was of the uncivilized minority. It was not a good match. So he didnt approve of this marriage. At this juncture, there was a man stepping out to persuade Zhang Fei. This man was Ma Qi, who was a native of Langzhong. He said to Zhang Fei, “For this marriage, you must approve. If you consent, there will be no obstacles for you to rule in this area. You must know that they are savage and undeveloped people after all.” After consideration, Zhang Fei felt that Ma Qis remarks were reasonable. So he accepted his suggestion and let Zhang Bao marry the girl. As a result, he actually adopted a policy of what we called “marriage for peace”. He used this means to unite the ethnic minority group.7.杜考官求寫榜貼閬尹樞自放狀頭
公元791年，也就是唐德宗貞元七年，在京城長安舉行了一次最高級別的科舉考試。在這次考試中，閬中人尹樞獲得了“狀頭”（即狀元，時稱狀頭）的頭銜。這在當時是一種至高無上的榮譽。然而，尹樞的狀頭不是主考官給的，而是他自己放上去的。
唐朝的進士科考試，需考三場。第一場考詩賦；第二場考貼經與墨義；第三場考策論，也就是提出重大的時政問題，要求考生提出對策。最後根據三場考試的成績，給出綜合評定。
就在第三場考試結束後，主考官杜黃裳召集考生在大庭裏講話，他說：“我奉命為國家選拔棟梁之才，所以我必須做到秉公選拔。隻可惜，沒有人能助我一臂之力啊！”庭下五百多人，聽了主考大人的話，大家麵麵相覷，不知所從。尹樞獨自站了出來，問道：“請問大人有什麼難處啊？”杜考官說：“榜貼還未寫，難斷優劣，誰能為下官代勞？”尹樞明白了主考大人要試探一下有無出類拔萃的人才，就說：“樞雖不才，敢為一試。”杜考官欣然命坐。尹樞就座，奮筆疾書，每寫好一個人的榜貼（即評語），就大聲朗讀。在場的考生，無不讚歎其公道精審。這次科考要錄取進士30名。尹樞評完29份，留下自己的未寫。杜考官問誰應為狀頭，尹樞答道：“非老夫莫屬。”杜黃裳高興得笑了起來，即命尹樞自寫榜貼，自放為狀頭。7.Yin Shu Designated Himself Number One Scholar
In the year of 791 AD, there was a final imperial examination held in the capital city of Changan (namely todays Xian). In this examination, Yin Shu from Langzhong got the Number One Scholar title, which was regarded as the supreme honour at that time. However, the Number One Scholar title which Yin Shu got was not given by the examination chief. It was he himself that designated it.
In the Tang Dynasty, there were three sets of subexam in the final imperial examination. When all the three sets concluded, the examiners would give each candidate a comprehensive appraisal. According to these appraisals, they decided the jinshi or the successful candidates in the final imperial examination.