注 釋
[1] Paul Richter, \"U。 S。 Works up Plan for Using Nuclear Arms\", LA times, March 9, 2002.
[2] Michael R。 Gordon, \"U。 S。 Nuclear Plan Sees New Weapons and New Targets\", New York Times, March 10, 2002.
[3] \"Powell Denied Change in U。 S。 Policy\", The Washington Times, on March 16, 2002.
[4] Lawrence Freedman, \"The Revolution in Strategic Affairs\" , Adelphi Paper 318, IISS 1998, p。 2.
[5] William Cohen, Annual Report of Defense to Congress: 2000, p。 113, at www。defenselink。mil/annualreport/2000.html
[6] 有關美國在後冷戰時代核政策變革的基本狀況,請參閱Eric Mlyn, \"U。 S。 Nuclear Policy and the End of the Cold War\", in T。 V。 Paul, Richard J。 Harknett, and James J。 Wirtz, eds。, The Absolute Weapon Revisited: Nuclear Arms and the Emerging International Order, Ann Arbor: the University of Michigan, 2000, pp。 189-212.
[7] Michael Klare, Rogue States and Nuclear Outlaws: America's Search for A New Foreign, New York: Hill and Wang, 1995.
[8] Harold A。 Feiveson, ed。, The Nuclear Turning Point: A Blueprint for Deep Cuts and De-alerting of Nuclear Weapons, Washington, D。 C。: the Brookings Institution, 1999.
[9] \"The Next Nuclear Posture Review?\" in Harold A。 Feiveson, ed。, The Nuclear Turning Point: A Blueprint for Deep Cuts and De-alerting of Nuclear Weapons, pp。 243-266.
[10] DoD, the Annual Defense Report to Congress: 1995, \"Strategic Nuclear Forces: Introduction\", at www。fas。org/nuke/guide/usa/doctrine/dod/95_nuc。htm
[11] 1994年9月的“核態勢評估報告”的執行內容,請參見The President Decision Directives/NSC—30, \"Nuclear Posture Review Implementation\", September 1994.
[12] 有關克林頓政府在“核態勢評估報告”中的基本考慮,請參見Stephen A。 Cambone and Patrick J。 Garrity, \"The Future of U。 S。 Nuclear Policy,\" Survival, Vol。 36, No。 4, Winter 1994-95, pp。 73-95.
[13] 朱鋒:《彈道導彈防禦計劃與國際安全》,第3章,第4節,上海,上海人民出版社,2001; James M。 Lindsay, and Michael E。 O'Hanlon, eds。, Defending America: The Case for Limited National Missile Defense, Washington, D。 C。: the Brookings Institution, 2001, pp。 193-218.
[14] Bradley Graham, Hit to Kill: the New Battle over Shielding America from Missile Attack, New York: Public Affairs, 2001, p。 277.
[15] \"President George W。 Bush's Speech in the National Defense University on May 1 of 2001\", the Washington File, on May 1, 2001.
[16] 2001年9月30日美國公布的“四年防務評估報告”(QDR)集中闡述了布什政府“軍事轉型”的基本想法以及未來5—10年內防務政策變革的主要原則,www。defenselink。mil/news/qdr/30092001.html。
[17] Donald H。 Rumsfeld, \"Nwclear Posture Review Report: Forward\", January 8, 2002.
[18] Donald H。 Rumsfeld, \"Nuclear Posture Review Report: Forward\", January 8, 2002.
[19] \"President George W。 Bush's Speech in the National Defense University on May 1 of 2001\", Washington File, May 1, 2001.
[20] Donald H。 Rumsfeld, \"Nuclear Posture Review Report: Forward\", January 8, 2002
[21] “核態勢評估報告”要求美軍在三種“緊急狀況下”準備使用核打擊,分別是“即時、不可預知和潛在的”緊急狀況。但在這三種“緊急狀況”下先發製人的核打擊究竟如何運用,綜合整個報告的內容來看,分別是打擊“常規武器無法克服的軍事目標、核生化武器威脅與攻擊以及出人意料的軍事發展”。參見2002 Nuclear Posture Review: Excerpts。
[22] Theresa Hitchens, \"Uncertainty over Russia Clouds U。 S。 Nuclear Strategy\", Defense News, June 20-26, 1994.
[23] \"Nuclear Posture Review: Excerpts\", pp。 16-17; at www。globalsecurity。org/wmd/library/policy/dod/npr。htm
[24] Bradley Graham and Walter Pincus, \"Nuclear Targeting Draft Shifts Focus from Russia More Emphasis Given to China, N。 Korea, Mideast\", Washington Post, March 10, 2002.
[25] Craig Cerniello, \"Clinton Issues New Guidelines on U。 S。 Nuclear Weapons Doctrine\", Arms Control Today, Vol。 27, No。 8., November/December 1997.
[26] 有關目前美國的核武器研製計劃,請參見Stephen I。 Schwartz, \"The New-Nuke Chorus Tunes up\", the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Vol。 57, No。 4, July/August 2001.
[27] George H。 Quester, \"The Response to Renegade Use of Weapons of Mass Destruction\", in Victor A。 Utgoff, ed。, The Coming Crisis: Nuclear Proliferation, U。 S。 Interests, and World Order, Cambridge, MI: MIT Press, 2001, pp。 227-244.
[28] T。 V。 Paul, Richard J。 Harknett, and James J。 Wirtz, eds。, The Absolute Weapon Revisited: Nuclear Arms and the Emerging International Order, p。 191.
[29] Joseph Cirincione, \"A Much Less Explosive Trend\", Washington Post, March 10, 2002.
[30] Federation of American Scientists, Natural Resources Defense Council and Union of Concerned Scientists, \"Toward True Security: A US Nuclear Posture for the Next Decade\", June 2001.
[31] Jon Wolfsthal, \"U。 S。 Needs A Contingency Plan for Pakistan's Nuclear Arsenal\", Los Angles Times, October 16, 2001; Tom Z。 Collina and Jon B。 Wolfsthal, \"Nuclear Terrorism and Warhead Control in Russia\", Arms Control Today Online, March 2002.
[32] Richard K。 Betts, \"Universal Deterrence or Conceptual Collapse? Liberal Pessimism and Utopian Realism\", in Larry D。 Welch, ed。, The Coming Crisis: Nuclear Proliferation, U。 S。 Interests, and World Order, Cambridge: MIT Press, 2000, p。 55.
[33] 有關艾森豪威爾政府的“大規模報複戰略”的內容,請參見勞倫斯·弗裏德曼:《核的演變》,105—112頁,北京,中國社會科學出版社,1990.
[34] Charles Glaser,Analyzing Strategic Nuclear Policy, Princeton, N。 J。: Princeton University Press, 1990.
[35] 《參考消息》,2000-04-23.
[36] Robert Jervis, The Illogic of American Nuclear Strategy, Ithaca, N。 Y。: Cornell University Press, 1984, p。 53.