【50】"Memorandum by the Technical Cooperation Administrator(Bennett)to the Under Secretary of State(Webb),April25,1951,"FRUS,1951,Vol.Ⅰ,pp.1646—1647.
【51】筆者以為,杜魯門在這封信中的意思並無將技術合作署的功能轉移(即使是部分轉移)到經濟合作署的意思。第四點計劃處於立法階段時,美國國務院就與經濟合作署就雙方的工作範疇做了大致的區隔,即使在工作有重疊的地區,雙方所經營的業務範圍也有差別。根據1950年4月11日雙方達成的諒解備忘錄,第四點計劃不介入經濟合作署在西歐、希臘和韓國的經濟合作項目;在土耳其,第四點計劃的雙邊項目作為經濟合作署項目的補充,改善土耳其經濟發展的條件,特別是在衛生、教育和培訓項目方麵;在歐洲的殖民地,經濟合作署的項目集中在農業、林業、漁業、礦業、工業、能源、交通和通訊領域。第四點計劃是作為經濟合作署項目的補充,專注於衛生、教育和培訓等方麵。雙方還約定,"經濟合作署和國務院將不會在任何國家和地區從事同樣的行動。"見"Memorandum of Understanding Between the Department of State and the Economic Cooperation Administration,April11,1950,"FRUS,1950,Vol.Ⅰ,pp.861—862.
【52】"The Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern,South Asian,and African Affairs(McGhee)to the Under Secretary of State(Webb),April 25,1951,"FRUS,1951,Vol.Ⅰ,pp.1646—1647.
【53】"The Director of the Office of United Nations Economic and Social Affairs (Kotschnig)to the Assistant Secretary of State for United Nations Affairs(Hickerson),April26,1951,"FRUS,1951,Vol.Ⅰ,pp.1647—1648.
【54】"Memorandum by the Technical Cooperation Administrator(Bennett)to the Under Secretary of State(Webb),May 18,1951,"FRUS,1951,Vol.Ⅰ,pp.1648—1649.
【55】"Memorandum by the Director of Management Staff(Heneman)to the Under Secretary of State(Webb),May25,1951,"FRUS,1951,Vol.Ⅰ,p.1650.
【56】"Memorandum by the Technical Cooperation Administrator(Bennett)to the Under Secretary of State(Webb),April11,1951,"FRUS,1951,Vol.Ⅰ,p.1642.
【57】Harrs Truman,"Special Message to the Congress on the Mutual Security Program,May 24,1951,"Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States,1951,Washington:United States Government Printing Office,1965,P.312.
【58】"Memorandum by the Director of Management Staff(Heneman)to the Under Secretary of State(Webb),May25,1951,"FRUS,1951,Vol.Ⅰ,p.1650.
【59】Sergei Y.Shenin,The United States and the Third World:The Origins of Postw ar Relations and the Point Four Program,New York:Nova Science Publishers,Inc,1999,p.83.
【60】"Memorandum by the Under Secretary of State(Webb),July 18,1951,"FRUS,1951,Vol.Ⅰ,pp.1651—1652.
【61】"Draft National Security Council Staff Study,July18,1951,"FRUS,1951,Vol.Ⅰ,pp.1654—1657.
【62】"Memorandum by the Deputy Under Secretary of State for Administration (Humelsine)to Under Secretary of State(Bruce),June 9,1952,"FRUS,1952—1954,Vol.Ⅰ,p.254.
【63】負責近東、南亞和非洲事務的助理國務卿麥克琦認為,中東地區的問題過於複雜,"第四點計劃的觀念並不足以應對很多問題,而且迄今為止,它並非行之有效。"因此,他強烈要求在這一地區任命一名負責這一地區技術合作的官員,而非在東道國任命技術合作主任,並以美洲事務協調委員會在拉丁美洲的成功經驗,說明設置地區主管的可行性。但麥克琦的建議並未得到國務院大部分官員,特別是負責對外援助事務的副國務卿韋伯的認可與支持。見"Record of the Under Secretary's Meeting,October 29,1951,10:15 a.m.,"FRUS,1951,Vol.Ⅰ,pp.1659—1663.
【64】哈裏·杜魯門著:《杜魯門回憶錄》第二卷,李石譯,三聯書店1974年版,第279頁。
【65】Sergei Y.Shenin,The United States and the Third World:The Origins of Postw ar Relations and the Point Four Program,New York:Nova Science Publishers,Inc,1999,p.92.
【66】Harrs Truman,"Special Message to the Congress on the Mutual Security Program,May 24,1951,"Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States,1951,p.302.
【67】"The Mutual Security Program,1951—1953,"Department of State:American Foreign Policy,1950—1955:Basic Documents,Vol.Ⅱ,New York:Arno Press,1971,p.3059.
【68】"Memorandum by the Deputy Under Secretary of State for Administration(Humelsine)to Under Secretary of State(Bruce),June 9,1952,"FRUS,1952—1954,Vol.Ⅰ,pp.248—249.
【69】文中提到的突發事件及緊急情況主要是指發生在中東和南亞的饑荒問題。1951年,美國向約旦提供了價值125萬美元的小麥補貼,這筆補貼依據的是"1948年《經濟合作法案》"(Economic Cooperation Act of 1948)授權;1952年,美國又依據"中國地區援助法案"(China Area Aid Act)向巴基斯坦和阿富汗提供了小麥;依據"《1952年共同安全法》"的第503款(Section503of the M utual Security Act of 1952)向埃及提供了價值1000萬美元的小麥。"Memorandum by the Legal Counsel for the Technical Cooperation Administration(Glick)to the Deputy Legal Adviser(Tate),January 28,1953,"FRUS,1952—1954,Vol.Ⅰ,p.261.
【70】"Memorandum by the Deputy Under Secretary of State for Administration (Humelsine)to Under Secretary of State(Bruce),June 9,1952,"FRUS,1952—1954,Vol.Ⅰ,p.250.
【71】"Memorandum by the Legal Counsel for the Technical Cooperation Administration (Glick)to the Deputy Legal Adviser(Tate),January 28,1953,"FRUS,1952—1954,Vol.Ⅰ,p.259.
【72】Sergei Y.Shenin,The United States and the Third World:The Origins of Postw ar Relations and the Point Four Program,New York:Nova Science Publishers,Inc,1999,p.101.
【73】"Memorandum by the Legal Counsel for the Technical Cooperation Administration (Glick)to the Deputy Legal Adviser(Tate),January 28,1953,"FRUS,1952—1954,Vol.Ⅰ,p.260.
【74】Sergei Y.Shenin,The United States and the Third World:The Origins of Postw ar Relations and the Point Four Program,New York:Nova Science Publishers,Inc,1999,p.101.
【75】Sergei Y.Shenin,The United States and the Third World:The Origins of Postw ar Relations and the Point Four Program,New York:Nova Science Publishers,Inc,1999,p.171.
【76】Vernon W.Ruttan,United States Development Assistance Policy:The Domestic Politics of Foreign Economic Aid,Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins University Press,1996,p.204.
【77】Sergei Y.Shenin,The United States and the Third World:The Origins of Postw ar Relations and the Point Four Program,New York:Nova Science Publishers,Inc,1999,p.160.
【78】Sergei Y.Shenin,The United States and the Third World:The Origins of Postw ar Relations and the Point Four Program,New York:Nova Science Publishers,Inc,1999,pp.162—163.
【79】TCA,"Voluntary Groups and Private Organizations in the Point 4 Programe,"Merrill,Documentary History of the Truman Presidency,Vol.27,pp.813—814.
【80】TCA,"First Draft for President International Development Conferment,April 8,1951,"Merrill,Documentary History of the Truman Presidency,Vol.27,pp.804—805.
【81】Sergei Y.Shenin,The United States and the Third World:The Origins of Postw ar Relations and the Point Four Program,New York:Nova Science Publishers,Inc,1999,p.174;Thomas G.Paterson,Meeting the Communist Threat:From Truman to Reagan,New York:Oxford University Press,1988,p.156.
【82】Thomas G.Paterson,Meeting the Communist Threat:From Truman to Reagan,New York:Oxford University Press,1988,p.154,p.157.
【83】Robert A.Packenham,Liberal America and the Third World:Political Development Ideas in Foreign Aid Social Science,New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1973,p.46;Robert A.Pollard,Economic Security and the Origins of the Cold W ar,1945— 1950,New York:Columbia University Press,1985,pp.207—209;Vernon W.Ruttan,United States Development Assistance Policy:The Domestic Politics of Foreign Economic Aid,Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins University Press,1996,p.49.
【84】"Remarks by Secretary Acheson,April 9,1952,"Merrill,Documentary History of the T ruman Presidency,Vol.27,p.827.