(5)不推薦使用的處理方法 ①膀胱衝洗:除非患者病情需要,否則應避免膀胱衝洗。定期使用生理鹽水、抗菌藥物或消毒劑膀胱衝洗並不能降低導尿管相關尿路感染的發生率;②全身應用抗菌藥物預防導尿管相關泌尿係感染。
(6)膀胱功能訓練與評估 由患者自己控製,當有尿意時放開尿管,流盡尿液後再夾閉尿管,如此反複以訓練膀胱收縮功能,促進及早拔管,可結合原發病治療恢複情況決定拔管。
(7)尿管相關尿路感染的預防 插管前準備與插管時的措施包括:①盡量避免不必要的留置導尿;②仔細檢查無菌導尿包,如過期、外包裝破損、潮濕,不得使用;③根據年齡、性別、尿道情況選擇合適的導尿管口徑、類型。通常成年男性選16F,女性選14F;④規範手衛生和戴手套的程序;⑤盡可能選擇單包裝的滅菌潤滑劑;⑥常規用0.25%~0.5%碘伏消毒尿道口及其周圍皮膚黏膜——男性自尿道口、龜頭向外旋轉擦拭消毒,注意洗淨包皮及冠狀溝;女性先清洗外陰,其原則由上至下,由內向外,然後清洗尿道口、前庭、兩側大小陰唇,最後會陰、肛門,每一個棉球不能重複使用;⑦插管過程嚴格執行無菌操作,動作要輕柔,避免尿道黏膜損傷;⑧對留置導尿患者,應采用密閉式引流係統。
插管後的預防措施包括:①保持尿液引流係統通暢和完整,不要輕易打開導尿管與集尿袋的接口;如要留取尿標本,可從集尿袋采集,但此標本不得用於普通細菌和真菌學檢查;②導尿管不慎脫落或導尿管密閉係統被破壞,需要更換導尿管;③集尿袋不得高於膀胱水平,也不可接觸地麵,如下床活動或搬運時,應臨時夾閉並固定尿袋引流管,防止反流;④集尿袋達2/3滿時要及時排放,放尿時尿袋末端管口防止汙染;疑似導尿管阻塞應更換導管,不得衝洗;⑤不應常規采用膀胱衝洗預防泌尿道感染;⑥保持會陰部清潔幹燥;⑦尿路感染使用抗菌藥物前,應送尿培養,必要時拔除導尿管;⑧長期留置導尿患者,導尿管更換1次/2周,集尿袋更換1次/2周,更換時注意無菌操作;⑨每日評價留置導管的必要性,盡早拔除導尿管;⑩長期留置導管患者,建議每周檢測尿常規一次;[11]定期對醫務人員進行宣教,每月公布導尿管相關尿路感染發生率。
(楊從山 郭鳳梅)
參考文獻
1.Harrington(j.Watson K.Bailey M,et al.Reduction in liospitalwide incidence of infection or colonization with methicillin-resist ant Staphylococcus aureus with use of antimicrobial hand-hygiene gel and statistical process control cliarts.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol,2007;28(7):837-844.
2.Lederer Jr JW,EJest D,and Hendrix V.八coniprehen.sive lurnd hygiene approach to reducing MRS health care-associated infections.Jl C.onini J Qual Patient Saf,2009;35(4):180-185.
3.O.Grady NP,Alexander M,Bums LA.et al.Guidelines for the Prevention of
Intravascular Cathetei^related Infections.C.lin Infect I)is,2011;52:el62—el93.
4.Hooton TM,Bradley SF Cardenas 1)1),et al.Diagnosis,Prevention,aiici Trealnient of Calheler八ssociated Urinary Traci Infection in 八duhs:2009 International Clinical Practice(juideliiies from the Infeclious Diseases Society of America.Clin Infect Ws*2010;50:625—663.
5.Nachtigall I Taniarkin 八,丁afelski S et al.Impact of adherence to standard opera ling procedures for pneumonia on outcome of intensive care unit patients.Cril Care Med.2009;37(1):159-166.
6.陳伯義,何禮賢,胡必傑,倪語星,邱海波,石岩,施毅,王輝,王明貴,楊毅,張菁,俞雲鬆,中國鮑曼不動杆菌感染診治與防控專家共識,中華醫學雜誌,2012;92(2):76-85
7.Tschudin-Sutter S.Pargger H and Widmer AF.Hand hygiene in the intensive care unit.Crit Care Med,2010?38(8 Suppl):S299-305.
8.Coia JE.Duckworth GJ,Edward DI,et al.Guidelines for the control and prevention of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)in healthcare facilities.J Hosp Infect,2006;63 Suppl 1:SI-44.
9.Markogiannakis A,F'ildisisG.Tsiplakou S,et al.Cross-transmission of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clonal strains causing episodes of sepsis in a trauma intensive care unit.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008?29(5):410-417.
10.Falagas ME and Karageorgopoulos DE.Pandrug Resistance(FDR),Extensive Drug Resistance(XDR),and Multidrug Resistance(MDR)among Gram-Negative Bacilli:Need for International Harmonization in Terminology.Clin Infect Dis,2008?46:1121-1122.
11.李春輝摘譯,吳安華審校,醫療機構耐藥菌MDR‘XDR'PDR的國際標準化定義專家建議(草案),中國感染控製雜誌,2011;10(3):238-240
12.Magiorakos AP.Srinivasan A,Carey RB,et al.Multidrug-resistant.extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria:an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance.Clin Microbiol Infect,2012;18(3):268-281.
13.Freifeld AG.Bow EJ.Sepkowitz KA.et al.Clinical Practice Guideline for the Use of Antimicrobial Agents in Neutropenic Patients with Cancer:2010 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America.Clin Infect Dis.2011?52:e56-e93.
14.Towns ML.Jarvis WR.and Hsueh PR.Guidelines on blood cultures.J Microbiol Immunol Infect,2010;43(4):347-349.