(3)Howdoesthewritertrytomaketheofferattractive?

(4)Whatisenclosedwiththisletter?

Sample2Areply—131Unit13TradeIntermediariesDearSir,Thankyouverymuchforyourletterof8Mayofferingusanagencyforyourcannedfood.Wewouldbegladtoaccepttheoffer.However,wemustpointoutthatonlyasoleagencywouldbeworthwhileasthescopeforyourcannedfoodhereissomewhatlimitedbecauseoflocalcompetition;besides,thelocalpreferenceforfreshfoodwouldalsomakeitdifficulttoexpandthemarketforChinesecannedfoodrapidly.Inthiscontext,wefeelthatcompetitionfromanotheragentwouldnotmakeoureffortsworthwhile.IfyougrantusyoursoleagencyforAmerica,wefeelsurethatourwidemarketingexperienceandextensivecontactswillenableustointroduceyourgoodssuccessfullyinthiscountry.Yoursfaithfully,Sample3Askingforsoleagency—DearSirs,Thisistoinformyouthatweareactingasagentsonasoleagencycommissionbasis.Wespecializeinthetradeofhouseholdanddecorativewares,suchasporcelainwares,lacquerwares,andcrystals.WehavebeenworkingwiththeCeramicsDepartmentofyourShanghaiOfficeandourrelationshaveprovedmutuallysatisfactory.Youmayrefertothemforanyinformationconcerningourfirm.WeareverymuchinterestedinenteringintoanexclusivearrangementwithyourcorporationforthepromotionofsalesofyourproductsinCairo.Weawaityournewswithkeeninterest.Yoursfaithfully,Studytheabovesampleandanswerthefollowingquestionsindividuallyorinpairs.(1)Whatreasondoesthewritergiveforwantingtobethesoleagency?

(2)WhatisoneoftheproblemsonemayfacewhentryingtosellChinesecannedfoodinAmerica?

(3)WhatadvantagedoesthewriterputforwardtoguaranteetheirsatisfactoryserviceasthesoleagencyforAmericanmarket?

(4)Doyouthinkanagencyagreementwillbesignedintheend?

132國際商務函電Sample4Anunfavorablereply—DearSirs,Wethankyouforyourletterof11September.Aswearenowonlyattheget?acquaintedstagewedeemitratherprematuretotakeintoconsiderationthematterofsoleagency.Inouropinion,itwouldbebetterforbothofustotryoutaperiodofcooperationtoseehowthingsprove.Also,itwouldbenecessaryforyoutotestthemarket?abilityofourproductsatyourendandtocontinueyoureffortsinbuildingalargerturnovertojustifythesoleagencyarrangements.Weenclosetwocopiesofourlatestpricelistcoveringalltheproductswehandlewithintheframeworkofyourspecializedlines.Weshallbepleasedtohearfromyouagain.Yoursfaithfully,Encl.Terms&Expressionsn.代理人1.agent銷售代理人salesagent/sellingagent采購代理人purchasingagent/buyingagent獨家代理人exclusiveagent/soleagent傭金代理人commissionagent總代理人generalagent廠家出口代理人manufacturer?sexportagent廣告代理人advertisingagent運輸代理人shippingagent/forwardingagent保險代理人insuranceagente.g.WeoweyournametoABCCompany,throughwhomwehavelearnedthatyouareseekinganagenthere.n.代理agency代理協議agencyagreement代理傭金agencycommission獨家代理soleagency/exclusiveagency獨家代理協議soleagencyagreement133Unit13TradeIntermediariese.g.Yourapplicationforsoleagencyforaperiodofoneyearisnowunderourcarefulconsideration.adj.除外的獨有的專有的唯一的2.exclusive;,,獨家代理exclusiveagency獨家代理人exclusiveagent總經銷exclusivedistribution專屬經濟區exclusiveeconomicszone獨家發盤exclusiveoffer專賣權exclusiveright包銷exclusivesales包銷協議獨家經銷協議exclusivesalesagreement,獨家經銷exclusivesellingagencye.g.Theabovepriceisexclusivetoyourcommission.Wewillreverttothequestionofexclusiveagencywhenopportunityarises.n.排他性獨家代理exclusivity;e.g.ThisarticleisundertheexclusivityofABCCompanyinyourdistrict.n.中間人3.intermediaryn.委托人4.principalv.授權5.empowern.宣傳6.publicity協議草案7.draftagreement猶豫不決8.hesitatetov.開拓9.exploren.種類10.varietyadv.相互地11.mutually及時12.ingoodtime獨家代理13.soleagencyn.範圍14.scopen.偏好15.preferencev.擴展16.expand在這樣的情況下17.inthiscontext茲通知你方18.Thisistoinformyouthat...……e.g.Thisistoinformyouthatthegoodsarenotinaccordancewiththesample.充當擔任19.actas,e.g.WethankyouforyourletterofMay20,inwhichyouoffertoactasouragentsforthesaleofourproductsinNorthAfrica.也可以拚為v.專門經營20.specialize(specialise)134國際商務函電e.g.Weareastate?operatedcorporation,specializingintheimportandexportofchemicals.n.推銷21.promotione.g.Wearepleasedtonotethatyouwilldirectyoureffortstothepromotionofthisnewproduct.v.促進推銷22.promote;e.g.Howcanwepromotesalesofourproductsinyourmarket?

在初交階段23.attheget?acquaintedstageadj.不成熟的過早的24.premature,考慮某事25.takesth.intoconsideration試試用26.tryout,e.g.Pleasetryoutthisnewproductfreeforoneyear.v.試驗為鑒定而進行的測驗27.test;n.銷售可能性28.marketabilitye.g.Wehavetoassessthemarketabilityofthisproduct.adj.可銷售的marketablee.g.Thedamagedgoodsarehardlymarketable.n.營業額成交額周轉29.turnover,,每年營業額annualturnover周轉率turnoverrate周轉稅turnovertaxe.g.Shouldyoubepreparedtoappointusasyouragents,wewouldguaranteeaturnoverof$100,000eachyear.v.證明是正確的認為是有理的30.justify……,……e.g.Themarketreportdoesnotjustifyyourpriceadjustment.在範圍內31.withintheframeworkof……e.g.Thislinefallswithintheframeworkofourbusinessactivities.Exercises1.Studythefoursamplelettersinthisunitandsummarizethepointsneedtobecoveredin.Offeringanagency:(1)Self?introduction(2)(3)(4)Acceptingtheoffer:(5)135Unit13TradeIntermediaries(6)(7)2.Fillinthegapsinthefollowingpassagebyusingthemostsuitablewordsfromthelistbelow.占用tiedup()commissionagentexportsoledistributorprincipalagencyagreementsrateschannels聘用費lineretainerfee()consumerdurablesOnceacompanyhasdecidedtotheirparticularofproducts,theexportmanagerisfacedwiththedifficultyofselectingofdistributionabroad.Ifhedecidestouseanagent,hemayusetwotypesof.Theagentmaybeadistributorwhostockstheproductsthathebuysandsellsatsuchareasonablepricetoenablehimtomakeaprofit.Thisarrangementisobviouslyattractivefortheexporterashedoesnotneedtohavecapitalinstocksabroadanditalsoguaranteessomecommitmentfromtheagentashisownmoneyisinvolved.Ahastheexclusiveimportingrightsforaparticularterritoryandaparticularproduct.Thiskindofagreementisespeciallyusedforconsumergoodsorwhichrequireafter?salesservicebasedlocallyandaredistributedthroughvariousretailoutlets.Thedrawbackisthattheagenthasalmostthepowersofacustomerandmaynotagreetoanychangeintheagreementsetbytheexporter.Thesecondkindofagreementusestheservicesofawhoisresponsibleinpromoting遊說productslocally,canvassing()potentialcustomersandsecuringorderswhichthewillthenexecuteforthebuyer.Thisagentwillthenbepaidcommissiononthebasisofhisturnover.Commissionvaryfrom2%to20%fordifferentgoodsanddifferentcontracts.Theworkexpectedfromtheagentisrelatedtotherateofcommission:Thatiswhyaisoftenpaidasaminimumincometotheagent,especiallywhenheislaunchinganewproduct.3.Readthefollowingpassageandfillinthefollowingdiagrams.Thechannelofdistributionindicatestherouteaproducttakesonitswayfromtheproducertotheultimateconsumer.Thetypeofdistributionisdirectsale.However,mostoftenthechannelofdistributioninvolvesmiddlemen.Twotypesofmiddlemenaremerchantmiddlemen,whotaketitle所有權()tothemerchandise,andagentmiddlemen,whoarrangeforthetransferoftitleofthegoodsbetweenmanufacturersandwholesalers.Someoftheconsumergoodsareregardedasconveniencegoods,whichareproductstobesoldatlowpricesandbefoundatsomeconvenientlocations.Otherconsumerproductsareconsideredasshoppinggoods,whichareproductscostingmoreandrequiringmoreconsiderationofpriceandqualitythanconveniencegoods.Shoppinggoodsareavailableatvariousretailoutlets,amongwhicharefranchisestoresandchainstores.Afranchisestoreisastoreindependentlyowned,butoperated136國際商務函電underafranchiseoflicensefromaparentcompany.Whereasachainstoreisownedbytheparentcompany.Theadvantagethatthesetwostoresenjoyindistributionisthattheyareoftenverticallyintegrated.Thismeanstheparentcompanyholdscontrolofthewarehouses,thetruckinglines,andsometimesthemanufactureoftheproduct.TheChannelofDistribution:1:_____________InvolvingMiddlemen:2:________Middlemen:3:_________MiddlemenConsumerGoods:4:_________Goods:5:_______GoodsFranchiseStores:6:_______Stores4.YouareaUKfirminterestedinbecominganagentofaChinesemanufacturerofagriculturalproducts.WritealettertothisChinesemanufacturerandcoverthefollowingpoints:?Youhavebeenaleadingfirmofimportersanddistributorsformanyyears.?YouhaveanextensivesalesnetworkandverywideknowledgeoftheUKmarket.?YouwereverymuchimpressedbythequalityoftheiragriculturalproductsthatyourecentlyexperiencedinyourtriptoChina.?YouarecertainthattheirproductswouldbesalableinUKmarket.?Youhaveseentheirlatestcatalogue,andyouareinterestedtoknowiftheyhaveconsideredappointinganagentinUK.?Youareinterestedinestablishingbusinessrelationshipwiththemandalsointerestedinactingforthemasasoleagent,whichwouldbetoyourmutualadvantage.?Youwouldliketoknowwhethertheyareinterestedinyourproposal.''''VSUIFS3FBEJOHAsamplesoleagencyagreement137Unit13TradeIntermediaries209CLAPHAMROADLONDONUKSW900HASHTRONPROPERTYSOLUTIONS+ASHTRONP:44(0)2077337339F:+44(0)2079249269W:www.ashtron.comSoleAgencyAgreementPROPERTYADDRESS???????????????????????????

VENDOR?SFULLNAMES??????????????????????????

AshtronPropertySolutionswillactasSellingAgentsforthepropertyaboveinaccordancewiththeEstateAgentsAct1979,onthetermsbelow.1.Marketingtheproperty—ThePropertywillbemarketedat£.Thisdoesnotrepresentavaluation.2.Amountoffees—ashtronPropertySolutionsfeesare.Shouldyoudecidetochangethisagreementtoamultipleagencyagreementattheendofthe16weekperiodorlaterfromthedateofthisagreement,bygiving28dayswrittennotice,ourmultipleagencycommissionwillbedue,calculatedonthefinalsalepriceoftheproperty.VATwillbeaddedtothefee.Tocomplywiththeestateagentsact1979,thisfeecoversallchargesincludingadvertisingandpromotionalcosts,otherthananyspecialexpenditurewhichisspecificallyandseparatelyagreedwithyouinwriting.3.Soleagencywillbesoleagentsforaperiodof16weeksfromthedateofthisagreement.This16weekperiodcommencesfromthedateofsigningtheagreementissuspendedassoonassolicitorsareinstructedandrestartsintheeventofthesalefallingthrough.Thesoleagencywillcontinueafterthisperiodunlessterminatedbyeitherpartygiving28dayswrittennotice.Duringtheperiodofsoleagencythevendorwillnotinstructanyotheragenttoselltheproperty.4.Termsofbusiness—Youwillbeliabletopayremunerationtous,inadditiontoanyothercostsorchargesagreed,ifatanytimeunconditionalcontractsforthesaleofthepropertyareexchangedwithapurchaserorarelativeorassociateofapurchaserintroducedbyMorganRandalleitherdirectlyorindirectly,duringtheperiodofoursoleagencyorwithwhomwehadnegotiationsaboutthepropertyduringthatperiod;orwithapurchaserintroducedbyanotheragentduringthisperiod.Intheeventthatyousellthepropertyprivatelyduringthisperiodyouagreetosupplyuswiththenameandaddressofthepurchaser.138國際商務函電5.Paymentoffees—Feesaredueforpaymentonexchangeofcontracts.Thevendorwillgivehis/herauthoritytothesolicitorsappointedatthetimeofthesaletopayoutoftheproceedsofthesaletoAshtronPropertySolutionschargesplusVATinaccordancewiththeconditionsagreedherein.Thevendoralsogivesauthoritytotheirsolicitorstopassontheirforwardingaddress.Interestmaybechargedat3%perannumaboveBarclaysbankrateiftheaccountremainsunpaidformorethan10daysaftercompletion.Ifduringasoleagencyperiodanotherpurchaserisintroducedbyanotheragent,thesefeeswillbestillpayabletoAshtronPropetySolutions.Itisconfirmedthatnointroductionofaprospectivebuyerforthepropertyhasalreadybeenmade.Nochargewillbemadeunlessabuyerintroducedbeforeterminationoftheagreementandthatthebuyereventuallyexchangescontractsontheproperty.6.Servicetopurchasers—AshtronPropertySolutionsmayoffertoarrangeinsuranceorotherfinancialservicesand/ormortgagesorprospectivepurchasersthroughmortgageadvisorstheyworkinconjunctionwith.WhereanypropospectivepurchasermakinganofferhasapropertytosellAshtronPropertySolutionsoranyothermembersofitssubsidiaryorassociatedcompanies,mayoffertosupplythemwithestateagencyserviceshopingtoearnfurthercommission.AshtronPropertySolutionsconfirmthattheywillforwardtothevendorpromptlyandaccuratelyalloffersfromprospectivepurchasersandwillnotinanywaydiscriminatebetweenpurchasersbecauseoneoranotherhasagreedtotakeanyotherservicesfromAshtronPropertySolutionsthevendorwillimmediatelybenotifiedinwriting.7.Surveyingservices—AshtronPropertySolutionsmayreferanyofitsclientstoathirdpartysurveyingcompany,thecompanywouldhavenobusinessassociationandisonlyconsideredareferralandAshtronPropertySolutionsholdnoresponsibilityforresultsorrepercussionsoftheirservices.8.Unoccupiedproperty—AshtronPropertySolutionscannotholdanyresponsibilityforthemaintenanceorrepairofunoccunpiedpropertyforsaleunlesssoappointedtomanagetheproperty.9.Access—IfAshtronPropertySolutionsholdthekeystotheproperty,authoritywillbedeemedtobegiventoreleasethesetosurveyorsandotherknownprofessionalcompaniestofacilitatethesale.10.Saleboards—AshtronPropertySolutionswillerecta“ForSale”boardatthepropertyassoonaspossiblefromthedateofthisagreement.Inordertomeettherequirementsofthetownandplanningregulations,whichpermitthedisplayofonlyone“forsale”board,thevendoragreesnottoallowthedisplayofanyother“forsale”boardwhilsttheAshtronPropertySolutionsboardisdisplayed.11.Theestateagentsact1979—ThisActrequiresAshtronPropertySolutionstodiscloseanypersonalrelationshipwhichmayexistandaccordingly,vendorsareaskedtoinformthe139Unit13TradeIntermediariesagencyofanypersonalinterestwhichtheyortheirrelativesmayhavewithAshtronPropertySolutionsoranyofitsassociatedcompanies.Anysuchrelationshipmustbedisclosedhere:ApplicableinthistransactionYES/NOIfyes,detailsofdisclosure?????????????????????????

MarketingandAgencyagreementwillcommencefrom:??????????????

SignedSigned???????????????????????????

DateDate?????????????????????????????

OnbehalfofAshtronPropertySolutionVendor(s)????????????

????????????????????

微信掃碼查看Unit14InternationalInvestmentIntroductionInternationalInvestmentDirectInvestmentIndirectInvestment\/PortfolioInvestment(Establishmentofplantsordistributionnetworksabroad)Buyingsharesand(Disadvantage:capitalfundsdebenturesthatcanbeliquidatedtiedupforalongtime)atmarketvalueanytime.JointVentureWholly-ownedEquityJointVentureContractualJointVentureEachpartynsrightsandEachpartynsrightsobligationsaredistributedandobligationsarespecifiedaccordingtoitsbythecontract(afternegotiation).equitiesshared.Sample1DearMr.Liu,Thankyouforyourletterof8June2016,informingusthatthesalesofourmassagemachinesinyourareahavekeptgrowingupinthepastsixmonths.Sowearethinkingofestablishingafactoryintheformofajointventureinyourareaandarewritingtoinquire141Unit14InternationalInvestmentaboutitsfeasibility.Weareoftheintentiontohold70%oftheshares,mostofwhichwouldbecontributedinmachineryandequipment,withasmallpartincash.Wealsoliketouseouroriginaltrademark.ThemassagemachinesproducedshallbesoldmainlyinChina.Wewouldliketoknowwhetheryouareinterestedinourproposal.AswearenotconversantwiththeChineseregulationsgoverningtheestablishingofjointventures,couldyousendusanyrelevantmaterialsforourreference?Welookforwardtoyourreply.Yourssincerely,Studytheabovesampleletterandanswerthefollowingquestionsindividuallyorinpairs.(1)Whatisthepurposeofthisletter?

(2)Whatpercentageofsharesdoesthewriterproposetocontribute?

(3)Whatdoesthewriteraskthereceivertosendthem?

(4)Wouldyouagreetousethewriter?soriginaltrademarkifyouweretheirbusinesspartner?Why?

Sample2DearMr.Pullen,Weacknowledgewiththanksyourletterof1July,fromwhichwelearnthatyouareinterestedinestablishingafactoryintheformofajointventuretoproducemassagemachines.Mr.ZhangandIwouldliketoinviteyouandyourcolleaguestovisitNanjing,sayfromthe1tothe5ofSeptember,todiscussmattersindetail.Ifthesuggestedtimeofyourvisitisnotsuitable,pleasefeelfreetochangeittoamoreconvenienttime.Asyourequested,wehavesentyousomerelevantmaterialsconcerningChineseregulationsonjointventuresunderseparatecover.LookforwardtoyourvisitinNanjing.Yourssincerely,Studytheabovesampleletterandanswerthefollowingquestionsindividuallyorinpairs.(1)Whatistheletterabout?

(2)WhydoesthewriterinvitethereceiverandhiscolleaguestovisitNanjing?

(3)Whattimedoesthewritersuggestforthevisit?

(4)Whatdoesthewritersendtothereceiverunderseparatecover?

142國際商務函電Sample3DearSirs,WehavediscussedonajointventureforseveraltimeswithyourrepresentativesinGuangdongandeventuallyhaveenteredintoanagreement.Beforedraftingtheformalcontractforsignature,wewanttoconfirmwithyouthemainpointsonwhichwehaveagreed,asfollows:1.YourfirmandourfirmenterintoamobilephonejointventureinGuangdong.2.ThejointventuresiteislocatedinDongguanCounty,Guangdong.3.Youhold40%ofthesharesandwe60%.4.Weundertaketosetupfactorypremises.5.Allcosts,profit,losses,andliabilitieswillbeproratedaccordingtotheshare?holdingofeachparty.6.AnydisputesinconnectionwiththejointventureagreementwhichcannotbesettledbyconsultationshouldturntoarbitrationbytheInternationalChamberofCommerce.7.Theagreementissubjecttoratificationbytherelevantgovernmentauthorities.Pleaseconfirmtheabovedetailedagreementassoonaspossibleanduponreceiptofyourconfirmationwewillarrangeforthecontracttobedrawnupandsenttoyouforsigning.Yoursfaithfully,Terms&Expressionsn.有價證券1.portfolion.債券2.debenturev.變為現金3.liquidate股權式合資企業即我國的中外合資經營企業4.equityjointventure()契約式合資企業即我國的中外合作經營企業5.contractualjointventure()獨資6.wholly?ownedn.按摩推拿7.massage,n.可行性8.feasibilityv.貢獻投資9.contribute,機械設備10.machineryandequipmentn.注冊商標11.trademark熟悉12.beconversantwithadj.相關的13.relevant訂約14.enterintoanagreement143Unit14InternationalInvestmentv.按比例分配15.prorate受支配從屬於16.besubjectto,Exercises1.Fillintheblanksinthefollowingpassagewiththewordsfromthelistbelow.破產資產bankrupt()partnershipassets()private債權人證券公司creditors()investstockexchange()possessionsWhenalimitedcompanyhasstartedbusiness,youdonotinsharesbygivingmorecapitaltothecompany.Youbuythemfromoneoftheshareholders.Ifitisalimitedcompany,ashareholdercanonlysellsharesifalltheothershareholdersagree.Ifitisapubliclimitedcompany,sharescanbeboughtandsoldfreely,usuallyata.ThepriceyoupayattheStockExchangeortoashareholderforyoursharesistheirmarketvalue.Ifthecompanyfails,itwillstopitsbusinessandgointoliquidation.Thismeansallthecompany?spropertyandequipment(its)mustbesoldandthemoneyfromthesalewillbeusedtopayitsdebtstoits.Theshareholders?liabilityfordebtsislimitedtothevalueoftheirshares.However,ifyouareanownerofabusinessthatisnotlimited,forexample,asoleproprietorship(ownedbyoneperson)ora(ownedbybetween2and20persons)andyourbusinessfails,youwillgo.Thatistosayyoumighthavetosellyourownprivate(yourhouse,car,furniture,etc.)topayallyourcreditors.Inotherwords,soleproprietorsandpartnershaveunlimitedliability.2.Thefollowingpassageintroducesdifferenttypesofinvestment.Readthepassagecarefullyandfillinthediagrambelow.儲蓄賬戶Investmentcanbedividedintodifferentcategories,suchassavingsaccounts(),證券securities(),commodities,andcurrencies,whichcanbefurtherdividedintosomesubcategories.Savingsaccountscanbeofferedbybanksandbuildingsocieties,whichusetheseaccountstopoolthemoneytogetherwhichwillthenbelenttoothercustomerstobuyproperty,etc..Therefore,savingsaccountscanbedividedintotwotypes:bankdepositaccountsandbuildingsocietyaccounts.Althoughyoucannotdrawthemoneyoutofthesavingsaccountsasquicklyasyoucanfromthe活期存款賬戶ordinarycurrentaccount(),themoneyyouputinthesavingsaccountsearnsyoumoreinterest.Securitiesareanotherkindofinvestmentyouinvestincompanies.Thiskindofinvestmentcan企業債券bedividedintotwomaintypes:bondsandstock(shares).Ifyoubuyacorporatebond()144國際商務函電fromacompany,youwillreceiveacertainamountofinteresteachyearuntilthebondmatureswhenyoucangetbacktheoriginalvalueofthebond.Ifyoubuysharesinacompany,youshareprofitsandlossesofthatcompany.Thesharescanalsobeboughtandsoldatthestockexchange.Thethirdkindofinvestmentisbuyingandsellingcommodities.Herethecommoditiesaremainlytheagriculturalproduceandrawmaterials,suchasgrainsandmetals.Thecommoditymarket現貨期貨canbedividedintotwokinds:actuals()andfutures().Buyinganactualmeansbuyingcommoditiesonthespotorinthenearfuture;whilebuyingafuturereferstobuyingtherighttobuyacommodityatafixedpriceonafixeddateortosellacommodityyouhavealreadyboughtatafixedpriceonafixeddate.Finallyyoucanalsobuyandsellforeigncurrencies.Thefluctuationoftheforeignexchangeratewillbemadefulluseofbyspeculators(eitherindividualsorskilledbankers).Investment 1 _____ 2 _____ 3 _____ 4 _____ 5 _____ 6 _____ 7 _____ 8 _____ 9 _____ 0 _____3.WritealettertoJohnSmith,managingdirectorofABCCompanyinFrance,askingforparticularsofaproposedjointventureagreement,includingthefollowing.?Rangeofproducts/businessactivities.?Structureofthejointventure(sharesdistributionanddivisionofprofits).?Nameofthecompanyanditsregistrationplace.?Managementarrangements(directors).?Generalbusinesslawstoabideby.?Validityandterminationofthejointventure.?Othertermsofthejointventure.4.SupposeyouareworkinginABCCo.,inFranceanddiscussingroupsthedetailsforyourjointventureandthenprepareareplytoExercise3.微信掃碼查看Unit15CountertradeCountertrade,thelinkedexchangeofgoodsforgoodsininternationaltrade,isanumbrellatermforsomesortsoftradeinwhichthesellerisrequiredtoacceptgoodsorotherinstrumentsortrade,inpartialofwholepaymentforitsproducts,sloweddowninthelatterpartofthe1980s,butitstillremainsanimportantfeatureofinternationaltrade.Thetermcountertradecoversthefollowingtypesoftradeoperation:(1)Barter:Thesimultaneousexchangeofgoodswithoutmoney.互購(2)Counterpurchase():Theassumptionbytheexporterthroughaseparatebutlinkedcontract,ofanobligationtoimportsomepercentageofthepriceofthegoodsexportedintheformofgoodspurchasedintheimportingcountry.補償或回購(3)Compensationorbuyback():Theagreementbyanexporterofplantorequipmenttobuybacksomeportionofoutputofthegoodsproducedbytheequipmentitexports(itisalsocalleddirectcompensation).互換(4)Swap():Productsfromdifferentlocationsaretradedtosavetransportationcosts.抵償(5)Offsets():Anobligationundertakenbytheexportertoproduceorassemblepartoftheproductandsourcepartsintheimportingcountry.Ifthepartsareanintegralpartoftheproduct,itisadirectoffset;ifthepartsorproductsareperipheraltothemanufactureofitsproduct,itisanindirectoffset.Exportingfromtheimportingcountrymayalsobeundertakenaspartofanindustrialoffsetarrangement.(6)Productionsharing:Similartobuyback,butusedinminingandenergyprojectsmainly,wherethedeveloperispaidoutofashareoftheproductionofthemineorwell.轉換貿易(7)Switches():Anundertakingbytheexportertoimportgoodsfromathirdcountrywithwhomtheimportingcountryhasdevelopedatradesurplusinits“clearingaccount”underabilateraltradeagreement.清算協議(8)Clearingagreements():Anagreementbetweentwocountriestopurchase146國際商務函電specificamountsofeachother?sproductsoveraperiodoftime,usingthedesignated“clearingcurrency”inthetransactions.跨部門對等貿易小組InUS,InteragencyGrouponCountertrade()wasestablishedinDecember1988underExecutiveOrder12661,toreviewpolicyandnegotiateagreementswithothercountriesoncountertrade.ItischairedbytheDepartmentofCommerceandincludesother11司法部agencies:theDepartmentsofAgriculture,Defense,Energy,Justice,Labor,State(),國際開發署Treasury,theAgencyforInternationalDevelopment(),theFederalEmergencyManagementAgency,theUSTradeRepresentative,andtheOfficeforManagementandBudget.Sample1DearMr.Wu,Wearegladtolearnfromyourletterof6Junethatyourcompanyisinterestedinatwo?waybusinesswithus,namely,tosupplyuswithyourlocalspecialtiesinexchangeforourmachinetoolsunderbarterarrangements.Weenclosewiththislettercataloguesoftheseriesofmachinetoolsavailablefromourdifferentbranches.Pleaseindicatewhatcataloguenumbersyouareinterestedin,sothatwecanmakequotations.Pleasesendusyourcataloguesandpricelistsofyourlocalspecialtiessothatwecanmakeourdecisions.WeproposetoconcludewithyouacontractfortheexportofourmachinetoolsinexchangeforyourspecialtiestothevalueofUSD15,000.Yourpromptreplywillbeappreciated.Yourssincerely,Encl.Studytheabovesampleletterandanswerthefollowingquestionsindividuallyorinpairs.(1)Whatkindofcountertradearetheyproposingtoconduct?

(2)Whatcommoditiesaretheygoingtooffertoeachother?

(3)Whatisthewritersendingwiththislettertothereceiver?

(4)Whatisthewriteraskingthereceivertoposttothem?

(5)Whatamountofspecialtiesisthewriterpreparingtobuyfromthereceiver?

147Unit15CountertradeSample2DearSirs,Ourbankers,BankofChina,informusthatyouwouldliketopayforoursewingmachineswithovercoatsmanufacturedwiththemachines.Shouldeverythingbeuptotermsandconditions,wewouldbegladtoconcludethedealinthisway.Wecanofferyou100setsofauto?sewingmachinesasyouwish,atthepriceofGBP310persetCIFKarachi.Wewouldliketohaveyourquotationforyourovercoats,3,000dozenforallthethreecoldmonths,namelyNovember,December,andJanuary,altogether.Afterwereceiveyourfirmoffer,wewillworkoutadraftcontractforyourconsideration.Welookforwardtoyourquotation.Yoursfaithfully,Studytheabovesampleletterandanswerthefollowingquestionsindividuallyorinpairs.(1)Whattypeofcountertradeisinvolvedinthisletter?

(2)Whatcommoditiesarearrangedinthedeal?

(3)Howmanysetsofsewingmachinescanthewriteroffer?

(4)Whenwouldthewriterliketheovercoatstobedelivered?

Sample3DearSirs,ThankyouforyourletterofJuly25,inwhichyouproposedtoofferusaprintingmachineproductionline,undercompensationtradeagreement.Weagreetoyourproposalandwewouldliketotakeupthedealintheformofcompensationtrade;thereforeenclosedwelistedseveralsuggestionsindetailsoastocarryoutcompensationtradebetweenusbetter.Weshallbeverygladifyouwillconsiderourproposalfavorablyandwebelieveitwillbeagoodbeginningofourlongandfriendlycooperation.Yourssincerely,Terms&Expressions反向貿易1.countertrade148國際商務函電易貨貿易2.barter互購貿易3.counterpurchase補償貿易產品返銷4.compensationorbuyback/產品分成5.productionsharing產品衝銷6.industrialoffset轉手貿易7.switchtrade自由解凍基金8.unblockingfund/債轉股9.debtforequityswapn.盈餘10.surplusv.回國11.repatriaten.轉換12.conversion交換13.inexchangefor機床14.machinetools英鎊15.GBPn.合同草案16.draftcontract生產線17.productionline從事18.takeupExercises1.Linktheformsanddocumentsinthelistwiththeirdefinitionsgivenbelow.(1)airwaybill(2)billofexchange(3)billoflading(4)certificateoforigin(5)consularinvoice(6)customsdeclarationform(7)deliverynote(8)importlicense(9)invoice(commercialinvoice)(10)letterofcredit(11)order(12)statement①Ithas3functions;itisacontractforshipmentofthegoods;areceiptofthegoods;atitletothegoods.②Aninvoicecertifiedasaccuratebytheconsuloftheimportingcountry.③Proofofwhichcountrygoodsoriginatefrom.④Aformgrantingpermissiontoimportcertaingoods.⑤Anorderrequiringthepersontowhomitisaddressedtopaymoneytosomeoneelse.⑥Letterfromabankauthorizingthepaymentofasumofmoneytothepersonnamedintheletter.⑦Thisformshowswhatgoodsarebeingdeliveredtothebuyer;itisalsotheseller?sreceipt.⑧Abillorformalrequestforpayment.⑨Amonthlyaccountshowingalltransactionsconductedbetweenabuyerandaseller.⑩Authorizationtoproduceorprovideaproductorserviceforanagreedprice.149Unit15CountertradeêISDocumentationforanairshipment.êITFormdeclaringthevalueofimportedgoodsfortaxationpurposes.2.ThefollowingispartofareportFrankZhouwroteforT&DBicyclesaboutAland?simportcontrols,withrecommendationsmissing.Haveadiscussionwithyourpartnersandfillintherecommendationpart.ReportonCurrentStateofAland?sImportControlsTo:HeYing,GeneralManger,T&DBicyclesFrom:FrankZhou,ChineseEmbassyDate:5June2016TermsofReferenceTodiscoverthedetailsofAland?simportcontrols,drawconclusionsabouttheireffectsonT&DBicyclesandrecommendanynecessaryaction.ProcedureInformationwasobtainedfromAland?sMinistryofForeignTrade&EconomicCooperation.TheimportersofT&D?sbicycleswerealsointerviewed.Questionnaireswereissuedtoover1,000localretailersofbicycles.Information機動腳踏兩用1.Alandhasimposedimportcontrolsoncertaingoods,includingmopeds(車)andbikesT&DareexportingtoAland.Thecontrolswouldmeanareductionof30%ofmopedsandbikesinthefollowingyear.ImportersinAlandalsoneedalicensetoimportT&D?sbikes.2.Thoughtheinternationalpressactedstronglyagainstthecontrols,Alandwouldn?tgiveintopressuretoremoveorreducetherestrictions.3.SomeimportersinAlandarethinkingofstockingmorebikesbeforethecontrolsareineffect.150國際商務函電ConclusionsAlandwillnotliftorreducetherestrictionsastheinternationalpressisexpecting.Recommendations3.WritetoTDECo.,inSouthAfrica,suggestingconcludingadealonindirectcompensationtradearrangementorratherbartertradearrangement,thatis,youwillsellthemyourpowerplantunits,butyouwillnotbuybacktheelectricitygeneratedbytheplantunits,instead,youwouldlikethemtopayforthepowerplantunitsbytheirlocalspecialties—diamondnecklaces.Haveadiscussionwithyourpartnersfirstbeforeyoudraftyourletter.Don?tforgettoputforwardreasonstojustifythiskindofarrangementandalsomentionyourquotation,deliverytime,etc..微信掃碼查看AppendixACommonlyUsedVocabularyinInternationalTrade從價運費A.V.(Ad.Val)全水路A/W(AllWater)承兌信用證AcceptanceCredit承兌接受Acceptance;自然力ActsofGod實際全損ActualTotalLoss通知行AdvisingBank;NotifyingBank代理人Agent協議Agreement航空運輸綜合險AIRTPTALLRISKS航空運輸險AIRTPTRISKS航空運輸AirTransport航空運單AirWaybill一切險AllRisks折讓允差Allowance;倒簽提單Ante?datedB/L預支信用證AnticipatoryL/C申請人Applicant仲裁裁決ArbitralAward仲裁條款ArbitrationClause仲裁Arbitration亞洲開發銀行AsianDevelopmentBank拍賣Auction拍賣人Auctioneer海運提單B/L(BillofLading)買價B/R(BuyingRate)燃油附加費BAF(BunkerAdjustmentFactor)背對背信用證Back?to?backLetterofCredit152國際貿易學銀行彙票BankDraft易貨交易Barter不記名提單BearerB/L受益人Beneficiary競買者Bidder遞盤Bidding雙邊貿易BilateralTrade彙票BillofExchange(Draft)善意合法正當持有票人BonaFideHolder(,)()保稅倉庫BondedWarehouse品牌BrandName違約BreachofContract經紀費Brokerage交易磋商BusinessNegotiation成本加海運費C&F(CostandFreight)運費到付C.C(collect)產地證C/O(CertificateofOrigin)貨櫃服務費CSC(ContainerServiceCharge)多式聯運單據C.T.D.(CombinedTransportDocuments)貨櫃場C.Y.(ContainerYard)報關單C/D(CustomsDeclaration)一般原產地證C.O(CertificateofOrigin)貨幣彙率附加費CAF(CurrencyAdjustmentFactor)承運貨物收據CargoReceipt訂單付款CashwithOrder立方米立方公尺CBM(CubicMetre)、中國對外貿易促進委員會CCPIT(ChinaCouncilforthePromotionofInternationalTrade)證實發票CertifiedInvoice成本加運費CFR(CostandFreight)成本加運費卸貨費CFRLanded、散貨倉庫CFS(ContainerFreightStation)散裝交貨起點終點CFS/CFS(/)立方英尺CFT(CubicFeet)租船提單CharterPartyB/L報關行CHB(CustomsHouseBroker)支票Check(Cheque)成本加保險費運費CIF(Cost,InsuranceandFreight)、153AppendixACommonlyUsedVocabularyinInternationalTrade成本加保險費運費艙底交接CIFExShip?sHold、、成本加保險費運費卸貨費CIFLanded、、成本加保險費運費班輪條件CIFLinerTerm、運費保險費付至目的地CIP(CarriageandInsurancePaidto)、索賠Claims清潔提單CleanB/L光票CleanBill光票信用證CleanLetterofCredit代收銀行CollectionBank托收Collection多式聯運提單CombinedTransportB/L商品COMM(Commodity)商業彙票CommercialDraft商業發票CommercialInvoice傭金Commission商品檢驗局CommodityInspectionBureau比較優勢ComparativeAdvantage補償貿易CompensationTrade有條件的承兌ConditionalAcceptance公量ConditionedWeight確認書Confirmation保兌信用證ConfirmedLetterofCredit保兌行ConfirmingBank收貨人Consignee寄售單ConsignmentNote寄售Consignment托運人Consignor推定全損ConstructiveTotalLoss領事發票ConsularInvoice集裝箱提單ContainerB/L集裝箱運輸ContainerTransport大陸橋ContinentalBridge合同Contract副本提單CopyB/L還盤CounterOffer互購CounterPurchase對等樣品回樣CounterSample;154國際貿易學對銷貿易CounterTrade運費付至目的地CPT(CarriagePaidto)紙箱CTN/CTNS(Carton/Cartons)櫃子CTNR(Container)現行價CurrentPrice習慣包裝CustomaryPacking海關發票CustomsInvoice關稅CustomsTariffs整櫃交貨起點終點CY/CY(/)完稅價格D.P.V.(Duty?PaidValue)承兌交單D/A(DocumentagainstAcceptance)票彙D/D(RemittancebyBanker?sDemandDraft)到港通知提貨單D/O;D.O.(DeliveryOrder);付款交單D/P(DocumentagainstPayment)遠期付款交單D/PafterSight(DocumentagainstPaymentafterSight)即期付款交單D/PSight(DocumentsagainstPaymentatSight)邊境交貨DAF(DeliveredatFrontier)受熱受潮險DamageCausedbyHeatingandSweating運費付至價CPT(FreightorCarriagePaidto)……目的港碼頭費DDC(DestinationDeliveryCharge)完稅後交貨DDP(DeliveredDutyPaid)未完稅交貨DDU(DeliveredDutyUnpaid)免賠額Deductible被訴方Defendant延期付款信用證DeferredPaymentLetterofCredit延期付款DeferredPayment滯期費速遣費Demurrage(Dispatch)Money;目的港碼頭交貨DEQ(DeliveredExQuay)目的港船上交貨DES(DeliveredExShip)敦豪速遞公司DHL(DHLInternationalLtd.)直達提單DirectB/L直接貿易DirectTrade拒付Dishonor分銷商Distributor美元DL/DLS(dollar/dollars)文件單據Doc(document);文件號碼Doc#(DocumentNumber)155AppendixACommonlyUsedVocabularyinInternationalTrade跟單彙票DocumentaryBill跟單信用證DocumentaryLetterofCredit一打DOZ/DZ(dozen)受票人Drawee出票人Drawer副本Dup(duplicate)出口申報書E/D(ExportDeclaration)每個各EA(each),預計到達時間EAT(EstimatedTimeofArrival)經濟一體化EconomicIntegration歐洲經濟共同體EEC(EuropeanEconomicCommunity)歐洲主要港口EMP(EuropeanMainPorts)特快專遞EMS(ExpressMailSpecial)背書Endorsement轉口貿易EntrepotTrade設備位置附加費EPS(EquipmentPositionSurcharges)出口加工區EPZ(exportprocessingzone)預計開始裝貨時間ETCL(expectedtimecommencementofloading)預計離港時間ETD(estimatedtimeofdeparture)預計卸完時間ETFD(expectedtimeoffinishingdischarging)預計裝完時間ETFL(expectedtimeoffinishing)歐盟EU(EuropeanUnion)工廠交貨Ex(work/Exwork/Factory)兌換彙票Exch.(exchange),獨家代理ExclusiveSales;SoleAgent包銷ExclusiveSales出口EXP(export)碼頭交貨價EXQ(exquay)目的港船上交貨價EXS(exship)工廠交貨EXW(Exworks)良好平均品質F.A.Q(FairAverageQuality)國際運輸商協會聯合會聯合運輸提單F.CL.B/L(FIATAcombinedtransportB/L)船方不負擔裝貨費用F.I.(FreeIn)船方不負擔裝卸費用F.I.O.(FreeInandOut)船方不負擔裝卸及積載費用F.I(FreeInandOutandStowed)船方不負擔裝卸及積載平艙費用F.I.O.S.T.(FreeInandOutandStowedandTrimmed)船方不負擔裝卸及平艙費用F.O.T.(FreeInandOutandTrimmed)156國際貿易學免費F.O.C(FreeonCharge)免息F.OI(FreeonInterest)飛機上交貨價F.OP(FreeonPlane)碼頭交貨價F.O.Q.(FreeonQuay)鐵路交貨價F.O.R.(FreeRail)車上交貨價F.O.T(FreeonTruck)火車交貨價F.O.W.(freeonwagon)平安險F.P.A.(FreeofParticularAverage)存倉火險責任擴展條款F.R.E.C.(FireRisksExtensionClauses)淡水雨淋險F.R.W.D(Fresh&RainWaterDamage)淡水雨淋險價F.W.R.D.(FreshWaterRainDamage)貨運代理F/F(FreightForwarder)傳真FAC(Facsimile)燃料附加費FAF(FuelAdjustmentFactor)各種貨品FAK(FreightAllKind)裝運港船邊交貨FAS(FreeAlongsideShip)貨交承運人FCA(FreeCarrier)整櫃FCL(FullContainerLoad)駁船航次FeederVessel/Lighter遠東運費公會FEFC(FarEastFreightConference)櫃型FEU(Forty?FootEquivalentUnit40′)40′國際運輸商FIATA(FederationInternationaldesAssociationsdeTransitAiresetAssembles)協會聯合會實盤FirmOffer聯邦海事委員會FMC(FederalMaritimeCommission)裝運港船上交貨FOB(FreeonBoard)裝運港船上交貨班輪條件FOBLinerTerms包括理艙費在內的裝運港船上交貨FOBStowed包括平艙費在內的裝運港船上交貨FOBTrimmed裝運港吊鉤下交貨FOBUnderTackle包括理艙費平艙費在內的裝運港船上交貨FOBST(FOBStowed&Trimmed)、不可抗力ForceMajeure外彙儲備ForeignExchangeReserve遠期交貨合同ForwardContract不清潔提單FoulB/L免賠額Franchise運費已付FreightPrepaid157AppendixACommonlyUsedVocabularyinInternationalTrade運費預付FreighttobePaid運費待收FreighttoCollect運費Freight期貨傭金商FuturesCommissionMerchant期貨交貨所FuturesExchanges期貨交易FuturesTrading;FuturesTransaction共同海損G.A.(GeneralAverage)毛重G.W.(GrossWeight)關稅及貿易總協定GATT(GeneralAgreementonTariffs&Trade)總代理GeneralAgent商品等級GradeofGoods全麵漲價GRI(GeneralRateIncrease)以毛作淨GrossforNet普惠製GSP(GeneralizedSystemofPreference)普惠製產地證GSPC/O(GeneralizedSystemofPreferencesCertificateofOrigin)普惠製格式GSPFormA(GeneralizedSystemofPreferencesFormA)A總行H.O.(HeadOffice)代理費H/C(HandlingCharge)集裝箱門到門H/H(housetohouse)航空分運單HAWB(houseairwaybill)子提單HBL(HouseB/L)高箱HC(highcubic)惡劣天氣HeavyWeather套期保值Hedging鉤損險HookDamage彙豐銀行HSBC(HongKong&ShanghaiBankingCorporation)不計免賠率I.O.P.(irrespectiveofpercentage)進口配額I.Q.(importquota)進口申請書I/D(importdeclaration)進口許可證I/P(importpermit)進口許可證I/L(importlicenses)內銷售I/S(Insidesales)個別調價IA(IndependentAction)倫敦保險學會條款ICC(InstituteCargoClause)國際商會ICC(InternationalChamberofCommerce)協會貨物險條款ICCCLAUSEA(A)協會貨物險條款ICCCLAUSEB(B)158國際貿易學協會貨物險條款ICCCLAUSEB(C)國際貨幣基金組織IMF(InternationalMonetaryFund)進口IMP(import)進口合同ImportContract散裝InBulk有限公司Inc.(Incorporated)國際貿易術語解INCOTERMS(InternationalRulesfortheInterpretationofTradeTerms)()釋通則訂單Indent指示性標誌IndicativeMark間接貿易IndirectTrade工業產權IndustrialProperty內河運輸InlandwaterTransportation內包裝InnerPacking詢價單InquirySheet詢盤Inquiry驗收InspectionandAcceptance交貨前檢驗InspectionBeforeDelivery工序間檢驗InspectionBetweenProcess消毒檢驗證明書InspectionCertificateofDisinfection健康檢驗證書InspectionCertificateofHealth衡重量檢驗證明書InspectionCertificateofMeasurement&/orWeight/產地檢驗證書InspectionCertificateofOrigin質量檢驗證書InspectionCertificateofQuality數量檢驗證書InspectionCertificateofQuantity溫度檢驗證明書InspectionCertificateofTemperature價值檢驗證書InspectionCertificateofValue重量檢驗證書InspectionCertificateofWeight驗殘檢驗證書InspectionCertificateonDamagedCargo檢驗證明InspectionCertificate幹貨艙清潔檢驗InspectiononCleanlinessofDryCargoHold油艙清潔檢驗InspectiononCleanlinessofTank清潔檢驗InspectiononCleanliness檢驗報告InspectionReport檢查標簽InspectionTag檢驗Inspection海關稽查總局InspectorateGeneralofCustoms159AppendixACommonlyUsedVocabularyinInternationalTrade保險經紀人InsuranceBroker保險憑證保險證書InsuranceCertificate;保險單InsurancePolicy保險Insurance承保人Insurer知識產權IntellectualProperty國際的INT(international)國際清算銀行InternationalBankforSettlement國際商會InternationalChamberofCommerce國際多式聯運InternationalMultimodalTransport發票INV(Invoice)邀請發盤InvitationtoOffer招標InvitationtoTender不可撤銷信用證IrrevocableLetterofCredit國際標準化組織ISO(InternationalStandardOrganization)日本技術標準JES(JapaneseEngineeringStandards)日本工業標準JIS(JapaneseIndustrialStandards)合資企業JV(JointVenture)合資公司JVC(JointVentureCorporation)基礎工業保護關稅KID(KeyIndustryDuty)千碼KYD(kiloyard)信用證L/C(LetterofCredit)保函L/G(LetterofGuarantee)長噸英噸L/T(LongTon)、大陸橋LandBridge裝卸時間LayTime拚櫃LCL(LessthanContainerLoad)租賃Leasing法定重量LegalWeight保證書保函LetterofGuarantee;倫敦銀行同業拆放利率LIBOR(LondonInterbrainOfferRate)經營商品LineofBusiness班輪提單LinerB/L班輪運輸LinerTransport班輪運費表Liner?sFreightTariff全式提單LongFormB/L包裝破裂險LossorDamageCausedbyBreakageofPacking160國際貿易學英國勞氏公證行LloydsSurveyor有限公司Ltd.(Limitedcompany)駁船費Ltg.(lighterage)多式聯運M.T.O.(multimodaltransportoperation)船上收貨單M/R(mate?sreceipt)信彙M/T(MailTransfer)尺碼噸即貨物收費以尺碼計費M/T;MT(MeasurementTon)()商船M/V(merchantvessel)體積或重量M/W(measurement/weight)廠商發票Manufacturer?sInvoice海洋運輸MarineTransport總航空運單MAWB(masterairwaybill)主提單MB/L(MasterBillofLading)備忘錄Memorandum公噸MetricTon最惠國MFN(MostFavoredNation)小陸橋自一港口到另一港口MLB(MiniLandBridge),彙款單Moneyorder最惠國待遇MostFavoredNationTreatment主線船MotherVessel多式聯運單據MTD(MultimodalTransportDocument)多邊貿易MultilateralTrade跨國公司Multi?nationalCorporation副本提單N.N.B/L(non?negotiable,notnegotiableB/L)除非另有例舉N.E.(NotOtherwiseEnumerated)除非另有規定N.O.P.F.(NotOtherwiseProvidedFor)除非另有指定N.O.S.(NotOtherwiseSpecified)淨重N.W.(NetWeight)通知人N/F(Notify)無嘜頭N/M(nomark)不足N/S(NotSufficient)議付行NegotiatingBank議付信用證NegotiationCredit中性包裝NeutralPacking非關稅壁壘Non?tariffBarrier不可轉讓信用證Non?transferableL/C被通知人NotifyParty161AppendixACommonlyUsedVocabularyinInternationalTrade裸裝NudePacked無船承運人NVOCC(Non?vesselOperatingCommonCarrier)海運費O/F(OceanFreight)陸運綜合險O/LTPTALLRISKS陸運險O/LTPTRISKS海運提單OBL[Ocean(orOriginal)B/L]海洋運輸OceanTransport貨主自行安排運到內陸點OCP(OverlandContinentalPoint)發盤Offer海洋運輸貨物保險條款OMCC(OceanMarineCargoClause)已裝船提單OnBoardB/L艙麵提單OnDeckB/L操作OP(operation)公開招標OpenBidding公開議付信用證OpenNegotiationCredit開證行OpeningBank;IssuingBank選擇港OptionalPort本地收貨費用ORC(OriginReceiveCharges)指示提單OrderB/L正本提單OriginalB/L單獨海損P.A.(ParticularAverage)預付P.P(Prepaid)裝箱單明細表P/L(PackingList),訂購單P/O(PurchaseOrder)包裝Packing郵包收據ParcelPostReceipt郵包運輸ParcelPostTransport分批裝運PartialShipment專利Patent款式樣PatternSample收款人Payee付款人Payer付款行PayingBank;DraweeBank分期付款PaymentbyInstallments付款信用證PaymentCredit預付貨款PaymentinAdvance付款Payment162國際貿易學隻個支等PC/PCS(piece/pieces)、、港口擁擠附加費PCS(PortCongestionSurcharge)百分比PCT(percent)罰金Penalty實際交貨PhysicalDelivery消毒證明文件PhytosanitaryCertificate植物檢疫證明書PlantQuarantineCertificate中國人民保險公司PICC(thePeople?sInsuranceCompanyofChina)目的港POD(PortofDestination)裝運港POL(PortofLoading)裝運港PortofShipment港口附加費PortSurcharge價格PR;PRC(price)保險費Premium提示Presentation提示行PresentingBank委托人Principal加工貿易ProcessingTrade來料加工ProcessingwithCustomer?sMaterials;ProcessingofImportedMaterials產品回購ProductBuyback專業投機商ProfessionalSpeculators形式發票PerformaInvoice本票PromissoryNote保護性關稅ProtectiveDuty旺季附加費PSS(PeakSeasonSurcharges)購買購貨PUR(purchase),購買確認書PurchaseConfirmation購買合同PurchaseContract品質以買方樣品為準QualityasperBuyer?sSample品質以賣方樣品為準QualityasperSeller?sSample貨物質量重量和尺碼Quality,WeightandMeasurements、配額Quota報價Quotation淡水雨淋險R.F.W.D(rain&freshwaterdamage)鐵路運輸RailTransport鐵路運單RailwayBill回扣Rebate163AppendixACommonlyUsedVocabularyinInternationalTrade備運提單ReceivedforshipmentB/L對開信用證ReciprocalCredit參考查價REF(Reference)、參考號Ref.No.(referencenumber)彙付Remittance彙出行RemittingBank還款保證書RepaymentGuarantee零售價RetailPrice報複性關稅RetaliatoryTariff可撤銷信用證RevocableLetterofCredit循環信用證RevolvingCredit追索權RightofRecourse破損破碎險RiskofClash&Breakage混雜沾汙險RiskofIntermixtureandContamination、滲漏險RiskofLeakage串味險RiskofOdor鏽損險RiskofRust短量險RiskofShortage包裝破裂險RisksofBreakage公路運輸RoadTransportation連續日RunningDays船東責任S.O.L.(ShipOwner?sLiability)罷工險S.R.(StrikeRisks)罷工暴動及民變險S.R.C.C(Strike,RiotsandCivilCommotions)、船運S.S.(Steamship)售貨合同S/C(SalesContract)裝船標記S/M(ShippingMarks)裝運通知單S/N(ShippingNote)裝貨單S/O(Shippingorder)賣價S/R(SellingRate)憑說明書和圖樣買賣SalebyDescriptionsandIllustrations憑等級買賣SalebyGrade憑樣銷售SalebySample憑規格買賣SalebySpecification憑標準買賣SalebyStandard銷售確認書SalesConfirmation衛生檢驗證書SanitaryInspectionCertificateorCertificateofHealth164國際貿易學服務合同SC(ServiceContract)美國特別海關發票SCI(specialcustomsinvoice)業務範圍ScopeofBusiness特別提款權SDR(SpecialDrawingRight)密封遞價SealedBids;ClosedBids適合海運的包裝SeaworthyPacking理賠SettlementofClaim已裝船提單ShippedB/L發貨人托運人Shipper,裝運通知ShippingAdvice租船運輸ShippingbyChartering運輸標誌嘜頭ShippingMark;簡式提單略式提單ShortFormB/L;短噸ShortTon即期信用證SightCredit即期彙票SightDraft簽字Signature規格Spec.(Specification)商品規格SpecificationofGoods船公司SSL(SteamShipLine)過期提單StaleB/L備用信用證StandbyLetterofCredit式樣款式類型STL.(style)、、記名提單StraightB/L罷工險StrikesRisk投標SubmissiontoTender環球銀行金融電訊SWIFT(SocietyforWorldwideInterbankFinancialTelecommunication)協會象征性交貨SymbolicDelivery電傳T;LTX;TX(telex)全損險T.L.O.(totallossonly)碼頭操作費T.O.C(TerminalOperationsOption)偷竊提貨不著險T.P.N.D.(Theft,Pilferage,andNon?delivery)碼頭收櫃費T.R.C(TerminalReceivingCharge)轉船轉運T/S(Trans?Ship),電彙T/T(TelegraphicTransfer)航程T/T(TransitTime)165AppendixACommonlyUsedVocabularyinInternationalTrade技術轉讓TechnologicalTransfer相當於尺集裝箱TEU(TwentyEquivalentofUnit)20櫃型TEU(Twenty?FootEquivalentUnit20′)20′碼頭操作費THC(TerminalHandlingCharges)公製TheMetricSystem理論重量TheoreticalWeight聯運提單ThroughB/L期租船TimeCharter遠期彙票TimeDraft(UsanceBill)全部損失全損TotalLoss,貿易壁壘TradeBarriers貿易術語TradeTerms商標Trademark陸空Train?Air—陸空陸Train?Air?Truck——不定期船Tramp可轉讓信用證TransferableCredit轉船附加費transshipmentadditional允許轉運transshipmentallowed轉船提單TransshipmentB/L轉運險TransshipmentRisks轉船Transshipment運輸Transportation總共TTL(Total)英國港口U.K.Ports(UnitedKingdomPorts)無限製轉船U/T(unlimitedtransshipment)統一慣例UCP(uniformcustoms&practice)聯合國UN(UnitedNations)不清潔提單UncleanB/L不保兌信用證UnconfirmedLetterofCredit聯合國貿易和發展會議UNCTAD(UnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment)保險公司Underwriter保險商實驗室UnderwriterLaboratory聯合國開發計劃署UNDP(UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgram)遠期信用證UsanceLetterofCredit獸醫檢驗證書VeterinaryInspectionCertificate船公司VOCC(VesselOperatingCommonCarrier)166國際貿易學主動發盤VoluntaryOffer航次Voy.(Voyage)程租船VoyageCharter水漬險W.A.(WithAverage)衝失W.O.(washingoverboard)水漬險W.P.A./W.A.(WithParticularAverage)以重量噸或者尺碼噸中從高收費W/M(WeightorMeasurementTon)重量噸即貨物收費以重量計費W/T(WeightTon)()轉船W/T(WithTransshipment)倉至倉條款W/W;WTOW(WarehousetoWarehouse)戰爭險WarRisks倉庫Warehouse警告性標誌WarningMark晴天工作日WeatherWorkingDays重量單WeightMemo批發價WholesalePrice無追索權WithoutRecourse世界銀行WorldBank世界貿易組織WTO(WorldTradeOrganization)保證條款Wty.(Warranty)除息票ExCoupon彙兌交易所Exchange;不包括免除excluding,電話分機內線extension,York?AntwerpRule約克安特衛普規定國際共同海損規則Y.A.R()《—》()碼頭附加費YAS(YardSurcharges)你方電傳YT(YourTelex)無差錯無缺憾ZeroDefects,AppendixBCommonlyUsedTradeTermsaverageavarie:FromFrench“damagetotheshiporcargo”.billofexchange:Anunconditionalorderinwritingaddressedbyonepersontoanothersignedbythepersongivingit,requiringthepersontowhomitisaddressedtopayondemand,oratafixedordeterminablefuturetimeasumcertaininmoneytoortotheorderofaspecifiedperson,ortobearer.correspondentbank代理銀行往來銀行(,):Abankthatactsasadepository,foranotherbank,acceptingdepositsandcollectingitems(suchasdrafts)onareciprocalbasis.counter?offer:Areplytoanofferthataddsto,limits,ormodifiesmateriallythetermsoftheoffer.discrepancies不符點():Thenon?complianceofdocumentswiththetermsandconditionsofaletterofcredit.Thismightmeananyofthethreecases:theinformationinthedocumentssubmittedunderaletterofcredit(1)isnotconsistentwithitstermsandconditions;(2)isinconsistentwithotherdocumentssubmitted;(3)doesnotmeettherequirementsoftheUniformCustomsandPracticeforDocumentaryCredits(UCPDC).Ifanykindofdiscrepanciesoccurinthedocuments,theissuingbankisnolongerobligedtopay.openaccount計賬賒賬(,):Creditextendedthatisnotsupportedbyanote,mortgage,orotherformalwrittenevidenceofindebtedness.Asthismethodposesanobviousrisktothesupplier,itisessentialthatthebuyer?sintegrityisunquestionable.premium保費():Theamountpaidtoaninsurancecompanyforcoverageunderaninsurancepolicy.principal委托人():Anindividualorlegalentitywhoauthorizesanotherpartyoragenttoactontheprincipal?sbehalf.salvage救助費[()]:Theactofsavingashiporitscargofrompossibleloss.softclause軟條款():Clausesinadocumentaryletterofcreditwhichmakeitimpossibleforthebeneficiary(seller)tomeettheconditionsofthedocumentaryletterofcreditonhisownandindependentlyofthepurchaser.softcurrency軟貨幣():Thefundsofacountrythatarecontrolledbyexchangeprocedures,therebyhavinglimitedconvertibilityintogoldandothercurrencies.168國際貿易學UniformCustomsandPractice統一慣例():ItsfullnameisUniformCustomsandPracticeforDocumentaryCredits(UCPDC).Itistheinternationallyrecognizedcodificationofrulesunifyingbankingpracticeregardingdocumentarycredits,developedbyaworkinggroupattachedtotheInternationalChamberofCommerce(ICC)inParis,France.ItisrevisedandupdatedfromtimetotimeandthecurrentvalidversionasofJanuary1,1994isICCPublication500whichisthe1993edition.UniformRulesforCollection托收統一規則():Theinternationallyrecognizedcodificationofrulesunifyingbankingpracticeregardingcollectionoperationsfordrafts,theirpaymentornon?