正文 中國企業跨境資源類並購項目風險管理(2 / 3)

2. 風險評價。各種風險發生的可能性和風險發生對企業產生損失的大小,以及各項風險之間的邏輯關係都需要在風險評價這一環節進行詳盡的分析。對於現實問題隻能用一些模糊的術語來描述,或憑直觀的感覺經過比較鑒別,利用模糊綜合評判法得出模糊性的評價結論。在本文中,我們采取層次分析法的思路對兩個層級的風險評定其風險權重,更具有科學性和係統性。

步驟如下:

(1)確定風險因素集U。即跨國資源類並購風險因子的集合,在本文中使用風險識別環節中識別出的風險因素作為風險評價的依據。

(2)建立風險因素層級。根據風險識別和分類的結果。本文將跨國資源類並購風險分成政治風險、戰略風險、信息風險、法律風險、經營風險、財務風險、整合風險這七類。這七大類風險下,本文還細分了42個風險因子,分別隸屬於不同的風險。

(3)建立並購風險評語集V。是風險分析者對所建立的評價因素集U中各風險因子的各種評判結果的集合,對於並購風險的評價可以分成五級,即:{極大,較大,一般,較小,極小},但是由於我們所建立的是兩級風險分類,我們隻對風險因子進行評價。

(4)單因素評判。定出每個風險因素對於各評價等級的隸屬度。可采取以下方法:成立一個5人組成的專家小組,每個專家給每一個U評定一個評語V,若f位組員中評定ui為等級vj的有fij個人,則有fij=f。可以得到模糊矩陣R,表(略)。稱R為單因素評判矩陣。R中第i行Ri反映的是第i個風險因素對於評價集中各等級的隸屬度;第j列反映的是各風險因素分別取評價集中第j個等級的程度。稱(U,V,R)構成一個模糊綜合決策模型,U,V,R是此模型的三個要素。

(5)確定各風險因子權重。在本例中需要對第一層的七個大類風險進行比較(準則層),還需要這七個風險下的各風險因子分別比較(指標層)。判斷矩陣中的兩兩比較關係的是由相關專家經過反研究後確定的。

總共構造出8個判斷矩陣,分別計算每個矩陣的一致性指標:

每個判斷矩陣的一致性指標分別與同階平均隨機一致性指標R.I之比成為隨機一致性比率C.R,C.R,當 C.R.

根據計算結果,將準則層的特征向量與指標層的特征向量進行對應相乘,得出權重矩陣如下:

[a1,a2,…,a9,b1,…,b3,…,g1,…,g4]=[0.033 6,0.017 0,0.014 7,0.016 9,0.010 5,0.014 9,0.012 9,0.013 7,0.034 1,0.090 8,0.050 0,0.027 5,0.034 7,0.034 7,0.013 1,0.022 9,0.007 2,0.007 4,0.006 9,0.013 8,0.033 9,0.025 9,0.044 3,0.046 6,0.015 3,0.014 5,0.070 1,0.038 1,0.021 1,0.026 1,0.015 0,0.015 12,0.005 56,0.008 4,0.007 9,0.006 7,0.005 4,0.014 7,0.017 67,0.039 3,0.035 3,0.016 03]

(6)綜合評判:為了適當兼顧各風險因素,並保留單因素評判的全部信息,人們往往采用M(·,+)模型進行模糊評判,即bj=?撞aij*rij。M(·,+)被稱為加權平均型。B=[b1,…,bi]就是對並購風險的模糊綜合評判。該跨國並購風險的綜合評判按M(·,+)模型可得,B=A*R=(0.071 5,0.344 8,0.204 2,0.224 6,0.154 8)。由此,我們有7.15%的把握說該企業進行跨國並購的風險極大,34.48%的把握說風險較大,20.42%的把握說風險一般,22.46%的把握說風險較小,15.48%的把握說風險極小。根據最大隸屬原則,我們可以說該企業進行跨國並購的風險較大。

(7)單個風險因素分析。我們結合上麵的權重以及評分情況得出各個風險因子的風險度。將模糊矩陣當中的評價分別與評價集中的評價相乘,評價分數采取(9,7,5,3,1)的方式,可以得到每一個風險因子以及各大類風險的評分。再將加權評分分別與用層次分析法得到的風險權重相乘,再進行歸一化處理。既可以得到各個風險因素的風險度,這一風險度綜合了專家對該項目的各風險的評分,還考慮了各個風險與其他風險相比下的重要程度,也就是對整體風險的貢獻度。而且各風險度的相加為1,是標準分析量。

根據運算結果,我們得到七大類風險的風險度為:風險度{政治風險,戰略風險,信息風險,法律風險,經營風險,財務風險,整合風險}=[0.170 3,0.102 8,0.079 5,0.131 8,0.315 3,0.080 7,0.119 68],根據這一結果,我們可以知道按照專家評價結果,經營風險是所有大類風險中風險度最高的,政治風險和法律風險次之,風險度最低的是財務風險和整合風險。

而根據運算結果,在42個風險因子的風險度如下:風險度[A1,A2,A3,A4,A5,A6,A7,A8,A9,B1,B2,B3,C1,C2,D1,D2,D3,D4,D5,D6,D7,D8,E1,E2,E3,E4,E5,E6,E7,E8,F1,F2,F3,F4,F5,F6,F7,F8,G1,G2,G3,G4]=[0.050 8,0.021 5,0.021 0,0.008 3,0.007 3,0.010 3,0.001 0,0.011 8,0.029 3,0.055 7,0.034 7,0.012 4,0.046 8,0.032 6,0.014 5,0.029 0,0.002 7,0.002 7,0.003 7,0.002 8,0.054 1,0.022 2,0.067 0,0.032 4,0.014 4,0.016 1,0.071 6,0.054 5,0.028 4,0.030 9,0.012 9,0.016 8,0.006 6,0.009 9,0.006 8,0.004 7,0.003 3,0.019 8,0.012 3,0.046 6,0.041 8,0.019 0]。經比較,42個風險因子比較中,E5(目前並購公司所持有資源數量)和E1(企業目前自身管理水平)是風險度最高的兩個因子。此外B1(公司並購目的的明確性),A1(東道國政局穩定性),E6(並購後是否能夠順利生產運營),D7(東道國的財產法律)的風險度也超過了5%。