綜上所述,奧巴馬的氣候政策旨在提升美國在未來應對環境挑戰的發展潛力,並在此基礎上主導全球氣候治理進程。美國國內氣候行動已經初見成效,其必然傳導到外交領域,美國減排力度增加後,美國出於國內氣候政治的需要對中國提出更高的減排要求,國際環保壓力將再次轉移到中國,中國減排的國際道義壓力陡然上升。
展望未來,傳統聯合國氣候談判的核心角力和博弈主要來自中國、美國、歐盟三方,各種其他行為體分別依附此三者,形成不同的集團影響著總體的平衡和聲勢。歐盟+小島國、美國領導的傘形集團+AILAC(拉美和加勒比國家獨立聯盟)的格局,將逐漸打破了發展中國家以七十七國集團+中國為主體的團結。奧巴馬政府氣候政策調整使歐盟、美國、發展中國家“三股勢力”鼎足而立的形勢發生了某些變化。隨著美國政府氣候外交更為積極主動,歐美趨同態勢增強,為將美國拉入“2015年協定”中並共同拆除“防火牆”,歐盟暫時放棄了對具有“法律強製約束力”的全球協議的要求,全力支持美國。此外,美國的提議破壞了“共同但有區別責任”、破壞了以聯合國公約為基礎的氣候談判主線,特別是還分化了發展中國家談判集團,使得新興發展中大國的壓力更大。
(作者係上海國際問題研究院比較政治與公共政策所副所長,研究員)
(責任編輯:徐海娜)
[1] McDonald, Frank.,Climate deal reached in Warsaw but critics say it is too weak in face of crisis, Irish Times [Dublin] 25 Nov 2013: 10.
[2] Tom Donilon, National Security Advisor to the President, "Remarks At the Launch of Columbia University's Center on Global Energy Policy", White House Press Releases, Fact Sheets and Briefings (April 24, 2013).
[3] 世界發展指數(World Development Indicators),具體數據可參見.
[4] Robert D. Hormats, Under Secretary for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment, Bureau of Economic, Energy and Business Affairs, "Keynote Address at the Pacific Energy Summit", Pacific Energy Summit, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, April 3, 2013.
[5] 參見美國環保署最新的清潔電力計劃:Clean Power Plant, June 2, 2014.
[6]“FEATURE: Momentum seen building for 2015 climate deal”,Platts Commodity News ,March7,2014.
[7] Tom Donilon, National Security Advisor to the President, "Remarks At the Launch of Columbia University's Center on Global Energy Policy", White House Press Releases, Fact Sheets and Briefings (April 24, 2013).
[8] 克裏指出,“希望美國所有相關的外交從業人員積極行動起來,解決東道國的氣候變化問題,把其作為重中之重。我已命令國務院所有部門在他們的日常工作中關注氣候變化”。"Kerry Orders U.S. Diplomats to Press Case for Climate Action",New York Times,March 10,2014.
[9] "Kerry Orders U.S. Diplomats to Press Case for Climate Action",New York Times,March 10,2014.
[10]Jeff Goodell, "Obama's Climate Challenge", Rolling Stone (January 31, 2013),pp. 41-45.
[11] "Climate conference's results expected to be modest",The Washington Post, Nov.23,2013.
[12] Kerry Platts, “US-China Energy Cooperation ‘imperative’ to Tackle Global Warming,” Commodity News(April 14, 2013).
[13] McDonald, Frank, “Climate deal reached in Warsaw but critics say it is too weak in face of crisis,” Irish Times [Dublin] Nov.25,2013: 10.
[14] "Last-Minute Deal at UN Climate Talks",FARS News Agency, Nov.24,2013.