作家教你找對詞

快樂學堂

作者:by Richard Nordquist

作家會為一個詞花費多少時間?唐代詩人賈島用了三年(“二句三年得,一吟雙淚流”)。傳說他在驢背上苦思“鳥宿池邊樹,僧推月下門”兩句,反複斟酌用“推”還是用“敲”,不知不覺地錯入了韓愈的儀仗隊。韓愈停下車馬思考了好一會兒,對賈島說:“用‘敲’字好。”兩人於是並排騎著驢馬回家,一同談論作詩的方法,還結下了深厚的友誼。“推敲”從此被用來比喻做文章或做事時反複琢磨,反複斟酌。

這個典故告訴我們準確用詞是寫作的大學問。在作家看來,隨便找一個近義詞代替是絕對不可以的。如果你希望在用詞上更進一步,不妨記住以下十個秘訣。

Finding the right word was a lifelong quest for French novelist Gustave Flaubert注1:

“Whatever you want to say, there is only one word that will express it, one verb to make it move, one adjective to qualify it. You must seek that word, that verb, that adjective, and never be satisfied with approximations[接近], never resort to[訴諸於] tricks, even clever ones, or to verbal[文字上的] pirouettes注2 to escape the difficulty.” (letter to Guy de Maupassant注3)

A perfectionist (who happened to have an independent income), Flaubert would spend days worrying over a single sentence until he got the words just right.

Most of us, I suspect, don’t have that kind of time available. As a result, we often have to be“satisfied with approximations” when drafting[起草]. Loose synonyms[同義字] and almost—right words, like temporary bridges, let us move on to the next sentence before a deadline arrives.

Nonetheless[雖然如此], converting[轉換] inexact[不精確的] words to precise[準確的] ones remains a critical part of revising[修改] our drafts—a process[過程] that can’t be reduced to a formula or a clever trick. Here are ten points worth considering the next time you find yourself in search of the right word.

找到正確的用詞是法國小說家古斯塔夫·福樓拜畢生的追求。

“無論你想說什麼,隻有一個詞能夠表達,隻有一個動詞能使之靈動,隻有一個形容詞能與之匹配。你必須尋找那個詞,那個動詞,那個形容詞,決不能滿足於與之近似的詞;即便你的手法十分巧妙,也不能借小伎倆蒙混過關,不能用花巧的語言逃避困難。”(給居伊·德·莫泊桑的信)

作為一個完美主義者(他碰巧擁有一份獨立收入),福樓拜會為一個句子煩惱好幾天,非要找到完美的詞語才肯罷休。

我想,我們大多數人都沒有這種時間。所以,我們在起稿時往往被迫“滿足於與之近似的詞”。不準確的同義詞以及近義詞就像臨時搭起的橋梁,讓我們在最後期限來臨之前過渡到下一個句子。

然而,把不精確的詞轉換成精確的詞仍是我們修改草稿的關鍵——這個過程不能隻是簡單地走過場,也不能用小聰明應付了事。以下為你提供十點建議,下次找詞的時候不妨參考一下。

1. Be Patient 有耐心

In revising, if the right word is not at hand[在手邊], run a search, sort, select process through your mind to see if you can find it. Be prepared to rewrite today what you revised yesterday. Above all, be patient: take the time to select words that will transfer your exact thought to the mind of a reader.

(May Flewellen McMillan, The Shortest Way to the Essay: Rhetorical[修辭上的] Strategies)

修改時,如果一時沒有想到對的詞,先在心裏進行一番搜索、整理、篩選,看看能否找到那個詞。時刻準備好重寫昨天修改的東西。最重要的是要有耐心:花時間挑選能把你的思想準確傳達到讀者心中的詞語。(梅·弗蘭維蘭·麥克米倫,《文章的捷徑:修辭策略》)

2. Wear Ou t Your Dictionary 翻爛你的詞典

Once you have a dictionary, use it! Wear it out!