請認真閱讀下列短文，並根據所讀內容在文章後表格中的空格裏填入一個最恰當的單詞。
注意：每個空格隻填一個單詞。
When Should a Leader Apologize and When Not？
Why Difficult？
When we wrong someone we know, even not intentionally, we are generally expected to apologize so as to improve the situation. But when we're acting as leaders, the circumstances are different. The act of apology is carried out not merely at the level of the individual but also at the level of the institution. It is a performance in which every expression matters and every word becomes part of the public record. Refusing to apologize can be smart, or it can be stupid. So, readiness to apologize can be seen as a sign of strong character or as a sign of weakness. A successful apology can turn hate into personal and organizational harmony — while an apology that is too little, too late, or too obviously strategic can bring on individual and institutional ruin. What, then, is to be done？ How can leaders decide if and when to apologize publicly？
Why Now？
The question of whether leaders should apologize publicly has never been more urgent. During the last decade or so, the United States in particular has developed an apology culture — apologies of all kinds and for all sorts of wrongdoings are made far more frequently than before. More newspaper writers have written about the growing importance of public apologies. More articles, cartoons, advice columns, and radio and television programs have similarly dealt with the subject of private apologies.
Why Bother？
Why do we apologize？ Why do we ever put ourselves in situations likely to be difficult, embarrassing, and even risky？ Leaders who apologize publicly could be an easy target. They are expected to appear strong and capable. And whenever they make public statements of any kind, their individual and institutional reputations are in danger. Clearly, then, leaders should not apologize often or lightly. For a leader to express apology, there needs to be a good, strong reason. Leaders will publicly apologize if and when they think the costs of doing so are lower than the costs of not doing so.
Why Refuse？
Why is it that leaders so often refuse to apologize, even when a public apology seems to be in order？ Their reasons can be individual or institutional. Because leaders are public figures, their apologies are likely to be personally uncomfortable and even professionally risky. Leaders may also be afraid that the admission of a mistake will damage or destroy the organization for which they are responsible. There can be good reasons for hanging tough in tough situations, as we shall see, but it is a high-risk strategy.
When Should a Leader Apologize and When Not？Why is it so difficult to apologize publicly？
Public apology is much more than a personal （71） .It is no （72） job to strike a balance between apologizing or not.Apologies not （73） offered can bring on individual and institutional ruin.Why has the issue of public apology been so （74） now in the USA？
In an apology （75） , admission of all sorts of wrongdoings is more required than before.The （76） importance of public apologies has been widely reported in the mass media.Why do leaders bother so much about public apologies？
Being public figures, leaders are （77） to appear strong and capable.There needs to be a sufficient reason for a leader to apologize in （78） .Why do leaders often refuse to apologize publicly？
Making apologies is （79） to be personally uncomfortable and even professionally risky.Admission of a mistake or wrongdoing will probably do （80） to their organization.
（11） 2011年普通高等學校招生全國統一考試（江西卷）英語第三部分閱讀理解（共20小題，每小題2分，滿分40分）
閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的四個選項（A、B、C和D）中，選出最佳選項。
（A）
“Mum, what does it mean when someone tells you that they have a skeleton（骨骼） in the closet（衣櫥）？” Jessica asked. “A skeleton in the closet？” her mother paused thoughtfully. “Well, it's something that you would rather not have anyone else know about. For example, if in the past, someone in Dad's family had been arrested for stealing a horse, it would be 'a skeleton in his family's closet'. He really wouldn't want any neighbor to know about it.”
“Why pick on my family？” Jessica's father said with anger. “Your family history isn't so good, you know. Wasn't your great-great-grandfather a prisoner who was transported to Australia for his crimes？” “Yes, but people these days say that you are not a real Australian unless your ancestors arrived as prisoners.” “Gosh, sorry I asked. I think I understand now，” Jessica cut in before things grew worse.
After dinner, the house was very quiet. Jessica's parents were still quite angry with each other. Her mother was ironing clothes and every now and then she glared at her husband, who hid behind his newspaper pretending to read. When she finished, she gathered the freshly pressed clothes in her arms and walked to Jessica's closet. Just as she opened the door and reached in to hang a skirt, a bony arm stuck out from the dark depths and a bundle of white bones fell to the floor. Jessica's mother sank into a faint（暈倒）, waking only when Jessica put a cold, wet cloth on her forehead. She looked up to see the worried faces of her husband and daughter.
“What happened？ Where am I？” she asked. “You just destroyed the school's skeleton, Mum，” explained Jessica. “I brought it home to help me with my health project. I meant to tell you, but it seemed that as soon as I mentioned skeletons and closets, it caused a problem between you and Dad.” Jessica looked in amazement as her parents began to laugh madly. “They're both crazy，” she thought.
56. According to Jessica's mother, “a skeleton in the closet” means .
A. a family honorB. a family secret
C. a family storyD. a family treasure
57. What can we learn about some Australians' ancestors from Paragraph 2？
A. They were brought to Australia as prisoners.
B. They were the earliest people living in Australia.
C. They were involved in some crimes in Australia.
D. They were not regarded as criminals in their days.
58. Jessica's mother fell down into a faint because she was .
A. knockedB. frightenedC. injuredD. surprised
59. Why did Jessica bring a skeleton home？
A. She was curious about it.B. She planned to keep it for fun.
C. She needed it for her school task.D. She intended to scare her parents.
60. Jessica's parents laughed madly at the end of the story probably because .
A. they were crazy
B. they were overexcited
C. they realized their understanding
D. they both thought they had won the quarrel
（B）
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61. The Winners Club is a bank account intended for .
A. parentsB. teenagersC. winnersD. adults
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A. Special gifts are ready for parents.
B. The bank opens only on workdays.
C. Services are convenient for its members.
D. Fees are necessary for the account keeping.
63. The Winners Club provides magazines which .
A. encourage spendingB. are free to all teenagers
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64. If you want to be a member of the Club, you must .
A. be an Internet userB. be permitted by your parent
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65. What is the purpose of this text？
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（C）
The garden city was largely the invention of Ebenezer Howard （18501928）. After immigrating from England to the USA, and an unsuccessful attempt to make a living as a farmer, he moved to Chicago, where he saw the reconstruction of the city after the disastrous fire of 1871. In those days, it was nicknamed “the Garden City”, almost certainly the source of Howard's name for his later building plan of towns. Returning to London, Howard developed his design in the 1880s and 1890s, drawing on ideas that were popular at the time, but creating a unique combination of designs.
The nineteenth-century poor city was in many ways a terrible place, dirty and crowded； but it offered economic and social opportunities. At the same time, the British countryside was in fact equally unattractive：though it promised fresh air and nature, it suffered from agricultural depression（蕭條） and it offered neither enough work and wages, nor much social life. Howard's idea was to combine the best of town and country in a new kind of settlement, the garden city. Howard's idea was that a group of people should set up a company, borrowing money to establish a garden city in the depressed countryside far enough from existing cities to make sure that the land was bought at the bottom price.
Garden cities would provide a central public open space, radial avenues and connecting industries. They would be surrounded by a much larger area of green belt, also owned by the company, containing not merely farms but also some industrial institutions. As more and more people moved in, the garden city would reach its planned limit — Howard suggested 32，000 people； then, another would be started a short distance away. Thus, over time, there would develop a vast planned house collection, extending almost without limit； within it, each garden city would offer a wide range of jobs and services, but each would also be connected to the others by a rapid transportation system, thus giving all the economic and social opportunities of a big city.
66. How did Howard get the name for his building plan of garden cities？
A. Through his observation of the country life.
B. Through the combination of different ideas.
C. By taking other people's advice.
D. By using the nickname of the reconstructed Chicago.
67. The underlined phrase “drawing on” in Paragraph 1 probably means .
A. making use ofB. making comments on
C. giving an explanation ofD. giving a description of
68. According to Howard, garden cities should be built .
A. as far as possible from existing cities
B. in the countryside where the land was cheap
C. in the countryside where agriculture was developed
D. near cities where employment opportunities already existed
69. What can we learn about garden cities from the last paragraph？
A. Their number would continue to rise.
B. Each one would continue to become larger.
C. People would live and work in the same place.
D. Each one would contain a certain type of business.
70. What could be the best title for the passage？
A. City and Countryside.B. The Invention of the Garden City.
C. A New City in Chicago.D. A Famous Garden City in England.
（D）
Why should mankind explore space？ Why should money, time and effort be spent exploring and researching something with so few apparent benefits？ Why should resources be spent on space rather than on conditions and people on Earth？ These are questions that, understandably, are very often asked.
Perhaps the best answer lies in our genetic makeup（基因構成） as human beings. What drove our ancestors to move from the trees into the plains, and on into all possible areas and environments？ The wider the spread of a species, the better its chance of survival. Perhaps the best reason for exploring space is this genetic tendency to expand wherever possible.
Nearly every successful civilization has explored, because by doing so, any dangers in surrounding areas can be identified and prepared for. Without knowledge, we may be completely destroyed by the danger. With knowledge, we can lessen its effects.
Exploration also allows minerals and other potential（潛在的） resources to be found. Even if we have no immediate need of them, they will perhaps be useful later. Resources may be more than physical possessions. Knowledge or techniques have been acquired through exploration. The techniques may have medical applications which can improve the length or quality of our lives. We have already benefited from other spin-offs including improvements in earthquake prediction, in satellites for weather forecasting and in communications systems. Even non-stick pans and mirrored sunglasses are by-products（副產品） of technological developments in the space industry！