華清池位於西安市臨潼區驪山北麓,是我國最古老的皇家園林之一。華清池,給人的感覺是清淨明秀、古樸雅致。飛霜殿、宜春殿、龍吟榭、龍石舫、九曲回廊等十多座古式建築雕梁畫棟、金碧輝煌、環湖而列、錯落有致。石牛、石獅、石象及自然碑石點綴其間、相映成趣。宮殿樓閣與山水風光融為一體,景色宜人,庭深廊回,亭閣錯落,池水碧波粼粼,垂柳依依,一抹煙波霧氣讓人頓感心曠神怡,仿佛置身天上人間。“不盡溫柔湯泉水,千古風流華清宮”。作為著名的景點,華清池的曆史非常悠久,尤其是倍受曆代帝王垂青。相傳三千年前周幽王曾在此修建驪宮,曾上演過烽火戲諸侯的曆史鬧劇。周幽王,一個非常殘暴而腐敗的君主,他有個愛妃名叫褒姒,長得非常美麗,《東周列國誌》中有這樣一段話來形容褒姒:“目秀眉清,唇紅齒白,發挽烏雲,指排削玉,有如花如月之容,傾國傾城之貌。”褒妃雖然很美,但是“從未開顏一笑”。為此,周幽王對大臣們說:“誰要能叫娘娘一笑,就賞他一千斤金子。“於是有人想出了一個點起烽火戲諸侯的辦法,想換取娘娘一笑。一天傍晚,周幽王帶著愛妃褒姒登上城樓,命令四下點起烽火。諸侯們看到烽火,以為西戎來犯,便領兵趕救駕,但見燈火輝煌,鼓樂喧天。一打聽才知是周幽王為了取樂於娘娘而幹的荒唐事兒。諸侯們敢怒不敢言,隻好氣憤地收兵回營。褒姒見狀,果然淡然一笑。但事隔不久,西戎果真來犯,雖然點起了烽火,卻無援兵趕到。原來各諸侯以為周幽王又是故伎重演。結果都城被西戎攻下,周幽王也被殺死,從此西周滅亡了。
秦始皇時,在此以石築室砌池,取名“驪山湯”。漢武帝時擴建為離宮。到了唐代又數次增建,名曰湯泉宮,後改名溫泉宮。到了唐玄宗時又大興土木,治湯井為池,環山列宮殿,此時才稱華清宮。因宮在溫泉上麵,所以也稱華清池。“安史之亂”時,華清池的大部分建築都毀於兵火,以後曆代均進行過整修。解放後,依照唐代形製幾經擴建,始具現今規模,遊客可以盡情在溫泉水中沐浴。1959年,郭沫若先生遊覽華清池後感慨萬千,揮筆寫下“華清池水色清蒼,此日規模越盛唐。不僅宮池依舊製,而今庶民盡天王”的詩句,恰如其分地概括了華清池的風貌與發展。1982年,華清池被列入全國重點風景名勝區。1996年,國務院公布華清宮遺址為第四批全國重點文物保護單位。2000年,華清池躋身全國首批AAAA景區之列。
唐代華清池是帝王妃嬪遊宴的行宮,每年十月到此,年終返回。白居易在不朽詩篇《長恨歌》中曾形容帝妃們在華清池取樂的情景道:“驪宮高處入青雲, 仙樂風飄處處聞。”據記載,唐玄宗從開元二年(714年)到天寶十四年(755年)的41年時間裏,先後來此36次之多。1982年4月,人們在基建施工時偶然發現了唐華清宮禦湯建築遺址。經考古專家發掘清理,在4200平方米麵積內發現了5個湯池遺址,並確認它們分別是曆史上記載的星辰湯、蓮花湯、海棠湯、太子湯和尚食湯。“星辰湯”傳說原址上麵及四周無遮物,沐浴時可見天上星辰,故得名;“尚食湯”是供大臣們沐浴之處;“蓮花湯”池形如石蓮花,供皇帝沐浴;“海棠湯”池形如海棠,供貴妃享用,相傳楊貴妃在此沐浴了近十個春秋。關於楊貴妃沐浴,白居易的《長恨歌》曾寫道:“春寒賜浴華清池,溫泉水滑洗凝脂”。 “長安回望繡成堆,山頂千門次第開,一騎紅塵妃子笑,無人知是荔枝來。”則是唐代著名詩人杜牧在《過華清宮絕句》中對當時華清宮盛況的絕佳描述。在這些遺址上建成的唐華清宮禦湯博物館於1990年10月正式開放。華清池現有4個泉眼,浴池麵積約有3000平方米,可供400餘人同時沐浴。溫泉水每小時流量112噸,水溫達43度,泉水含有石灰、碳酸鈉和硫酸鈉等多種礦物質,適於沐浴療養,對皮膚病、風濕病、關節炎、肌肉痛等多種疾病有一定的療效。它是一座國內罕見的大型溫泉池,有 “天下溫泉二千六,惟有華清為第一”之說。
華清池大門上方有郭沫若書寫的“華清池”匾額。進了大門就見兩株高大的雪鬆昂然挺立,兩座宮殿式建築的浴池左右對稱。往後是新浴池,由新浴池往右行,穿過龍牆便是九龍湖,湖麵平如明鏡,亭台倒影,垂柳拂岸。湖東岸是宜春殿,北岸是以飛霜殿為主體的建築群,沉香殿和宜春殿東西相對,西岸是九曲回廊。由北向南過龍石舫,再經晨旭亭、九龍橋、晚霞亭,便到了仿唐“貴妃池”建築群。出了貴妃池向前行便進望湖樓,先見荷花池然後經飛霞閣,傳說此閣是貴妃浴後觀景及晾發之處。接著來到五間亭,震驚中外的西安事變發生時蔣介石曾在此居住過。後麵驪山的半腰間虎斑石處建有一座“兵諫亭”,兵諫亭匾額是用貴重的藍田玉製成。走出望湖樓,向右可沿著一條磚砌的台階上行,直登蒼翠蔥綠、美如錦繡的驪山遊覽。
Part One:Huaqing Hot Spring
Located at the north foot of Lishan Mountain in Lintong District of Xi’an City, Huaqing Hot Spring is one of the oldest royal gardens. Visitors are impressed with its luster, beauty, elegance and primitive simplicity. One dozen splendid ancient buildings with beams and pillars carved or painted, such as Frost-drifting Hall, Spring Hall, Dragon-chanting Pavilion, Stone Dragon Boat, Nine-bend Cloister, etc. are randomly ranked around the lake. Stone cattle, lions, elephants and natural steles and rocks are scattered among them. The palaces, halls and pavilions are in harmony with the landscape. Courts, corridors, pavilions and towers, are in harmonious disorder. Emerald water in the pool rippled by a light breeze and willows waving in the gentle wind provide a refreshing view. Visitors are so enchanted in the misty air here that they feel as if in a fairyland. As a poem goes, “Endless gentle spring water flows, perpetual romances Huaqing Palace retains.”
As a famous tourist spot, Huaqing Hot Spring has a very long history and has attracted great attention of emperors of the past dynasties.
It is said that King You of the Kingdom of Zhou had Li Palace built here 3000 years ago and this place witnessed the historic farce in which the king tricked the vassals by setting off the war beacons to coax a smile from his favored concubine. King You, a very atrocious and corrupt monarch, had a beautiful concubine named Bao Si. A paragraph in The Annals of All Kingdoms in East Zhou Dynasty describes her beauty as follows. “Her features are so finely chiseled, and her cherry lips, ivory teeth, lustrously dark hair and slender fingers all contribute to her unmatched beauty that outshines the moon and flowers. Beautiful as she was, she had never given a hearty smile.