46ThePresentOncetherewasaboy,wholistenedtoawiseoldman,andthusbegantolearnaboutThePresent.
Theoldmanandtheboyhadknowneachotherformorethanayear,andenjoyedtalkingtogether.
Onedaytheoldmansaid,“Itiscalledsimply’ThePresent’because,ofallthegiftsyoumightreceive,youwillfindthispresentisthemostvaluableone.”“Whyisitsovaluable?”theboyasked.
Theoldmanexplained,“Becausewhenyoureceivethisgift,youbecomehappierandbetterabletodowhateveryouwanttodo.”“Wow!”thelittleboyexclaimed,althoughnotfullyunderstanding.“IhopesomeonegivesmeThePresentsomeday.MaybeI’llgetitformybirthday.”Thentheboyranofftoplay.
Theoldmansmiled.
HewonderedhowmanybirthdayswouldpassbeforetheboywouldrealizethevalueofThePresent.FromThePresentBySpencerJohnson,M.D.
b.Writeashortanswerforeachquestionbelow.Usenomorethan10words.
QuestionsAnswers1.Howlongdidtheboyandtheoldwisemanknoweachother?
2.Whatdidtheoldwisemanteachtheyoungboy?
3.Whywasthegiftsovaluable?
4.Didtheyoungboyfullyunderstandwhattheoldmanhadtaughthim?
5.Whydidtheoldmansmile?
c.Putthefollowingwordsinthecorrectcategoryinthetablebelow.
wonder?realize?present?exclaim?valuable?wise?gift?learnabout?runoff47NounVerbAdjective4.2c.Listentothetruefalseshow.Checkyouranswer.HowmuchmoneydoesDarrenwin?
Ⅴ?.GRAMMARcomparative&superlativeadjectivesWhitecarsaresaferthanyellowcars.
MosquitoesaremoredangerousthanⅣ.LISTENINGsharks.
Tigersarebetterswimmersthancats.
a.Lookatthepictures.Whatcanyousee?
It’sthehottestcountryintheworld.
Themostdangeroustimeisthespring.
Usecomparativeadjectives+thanto◇comparetwopeople\/things.
Usethe+superlativetosaywhichisthe◇(biggest,etc.)inagroup.
b.Workinpairs,lookatthesentencesfrom“THETRUEFALSESHOW”:writeT(true)orF(false).
THETRUEFALSESHOW1.Mosquitoesaremoredangerousthansharks.
2.Browneggsarehealthierthanwhiteeggs.
3.TheEarthishotterthanMars.
4.CoffeeismorepopularthanteaintheUK.
5.Tigersarebetterswimmersthancats.
6.Anadultisshorterinthemorningthanintheevening.
7.Whitecarsaresaferthanyellowcars.
8.Theword“yes”ismorecommonthantheword“no”.
48a.Writedowntheproperformofthewords.
AdjectivesComparativeSuperlativeoldone-syllableadjectives:add-er;-estcheapbigadjectivesendingonevowel+oneconsonant:hotdoubleconsonant,add-er;-esthealthyone-ortwo-syllableadjectivesendingconsonanthappy+y:removey>add>-ier;-iestfamoustwo-ormoresyllableadjectives:more+expensiveadjectives;most+adjectivesgoodirregularbadfarb.Writecomparativesentences.
Example:theNile\/theAmazon(long)TheNileislongerthantheAmazon.
1.Canada\/Brazil(big)2.Tessa\/Deborah(big)3.driving\/flying(dangerous)4.myEnglish\/yourEnglish(bad)5.thischair\/thatchair(comfortable)6.herhusband\/her(young)7.Frenchwine\/Englishwine(good)8.buses\/trains(cheap)c.Completethesentenceswiththesuperlativeformoftheadjectivesinthebrackets.
1.Iam________inmyfamily.(tall)2.Thathouseis________inthestreet.(old)3.TheScotsmake_____________whiskyintheworld.(good)4.Thisis____________buildinginthecity.(famous)5.Thisis__________partofthecountry.(hot)6.He’s____________studentintheclass.(bad)7.Chineseisoneof______________languagestolearn.(difficult)8.It’s____________dressintheshop.(pretty)49WorkshopⅠ.GRAMMARa.Writethecomparativeformsoftheseadjectivesinthepropergroup.
beautiful?dirty?cold?high?wet?cheap?good?dry?
hungry?thin?sad?difficult?bad?comfortable?farrulescomparativeformsofadjectives+erdoubleconsonant+ery>+ierMore+adj.
irregularb.Writethecomparativeorsuperlativeformoftheadjectivesinthebrackets.
Example:Yourcarismoreexpensive(expensive)thanmine.
1.I’mthe_______________(happy)personintheworld!
2.She’sthe_______________(good)swimmerintheclass.
3.It’s_______________(hot)inItalythaninNorway.
4.Winteristhe_______________(dangerous)timeoftheyearforsomeanimals.
5.Thisyear’sworkis_______________(hard)thanlastyear’swork.
6.I’m_______________(young)thanmysister.
7.Tim’sthe_______________(bad)footballplayerIknow.
8.Ithinkthemountainsare_______________(beautiful)thanthebeach.
50Ⅱ.VOCABULARYa.Completethesentenceswithdo,don’t,wouldorwouldn’t.
Example:Doyoulikefish?
1.I__________liketogotoChinaoneday.
2.—Wouldyouliketodance?—No!I__________likethismusic.
3.—Wouldyoulikesomelunch?—Yes,I__________.
4.I__________liketogotoAustralia.Idon’tlikeflying.
5.—Wouldyouliketodoaparachutejump?—No,I__________.It’sverydangerous.
6.__________youlikeshoppingforclothes?
b.CompleteSusan’se-mailwiththeverbsinthebox.Usethe-ingform.
cook?do?eat?go?see?studyHi,Charles,Myname’sSusanandI’mastudent.Ilikebeingastudent,butIdon’tlike__________.Idofourhours’workeveryevening.Iliveinahousewithmyfriend,Laura.Welike__________goodfood,butLaurahates__________.Sheonlymakespasta.Weoftengotofastfoodrestaurants.It’sreallyunhealthy.Ilove__________homeandeatingmymum’sfood.Attheweekends,welike__________friends.Welovemusicandsinging.Whatdoyoulike__________?
Writesoon.
SusanⅢ.READINGTheBestPlacestoVisitThere’snoplaceontheearthlikeBrazil.Ithassomeofthemostbeautifulbeachesintheworld,someofthebusiest,mostexcitingcities,aswellasthebiggestareaofunexploredrainforestontheplanet.Mostpeopleliveneartheseasothereisalotofemptyspace.
Thecountryis,ofcourse,enormous.Infact,Brazilisthefifthlargestcountryintheworld.ItcovershalfofSouthAmericaandhasborderswitheverySouthAmericancountryexceptChileandEcuador.It51has19citiesandmorethan170millionpeople.
Brazilisafascinatingplacetovisit.Thepeoplearewarmandfriendlyandtheygenerallywelcometouriststotheircountry.Traditionally,Braziliansgivepresentstotheirhostswhentheyvisitpeople,soit’sagoodideaifyoudothesame!Typicalgiftsincludeflowers,sweets,andchampagne.
WhenwethinkofBrazil,wethinkoffootball,music,dancing,andbeaches.Themostpopularpastimeswillnotcomeasasurprise:playingfootball,listeningtomusic,dancing,walkingonthebeach,orjusttalking.
Familylifeisveryimportantandeatingtogetherisalwaysspecial.Themostimportantmealofthedayisatabout1:00p.m.Theeveningmealdoesn’tbeginuntilabout9:00or10:00p.m.Andthenthepartiesbegin.Apartycanstartatanytimeandforanyreason,andgoonuntiltheearlyhoursofthemorning.Nobodyworriesaboutworkthenextday.
HowdoBraziliansstayawakewithsuchalifestyle?Well,Brazilalsoproducessomeofthebestcoffeeintheworld!
a.ReadthepassageandtickA,BorC.
Example:Brazilisthebiggestcountryintheworld.
A.True.B.False.C.Doesn’tsay.(B)1.ThepopulationofBrazilis170million.A.True.B.False.C.Doesn’tsay.2.Therearen’tanycitiesinthemiddleofBrazil.A.True.B.False.C.Doesn’tsay.3.Mostpeopleliveintherainforest.A.True.B.False.C.Doesn’tsay.4.BrazilhasaborderwithEcuadorandChile.A.True.B.False.C.Doesn’tsay.5.Thecitiesareallveryquiet.A.True.B.False.C.Doesn’tsay.6.Brazilisaninterestingplacefortourists.
A.True.B.False.C.Doesn’tsay.7.Brazilianpeopleareusuallyfriendlytotourists.
A.True.B.False.C.Doesn’tsay.8.Watersportsareverypopular.A.True.B.False.C.Doesn’tsay.9.Peopleusuallyeatearlyintheevening.
A.True.B.False.C.Doesn’tsay.10.Partiesarealwaysatweekends.A.True.B.False.C.Doesn’tsay.52b.Readthetextagainandanswerthequestions.questions.
1.WhatsizedoesAlliewant?
1.WhatattractionsdoesBrazilhavefortourists?2.Howmuchistheshirt?
_______________________________________3.HowdoesMarkpay?
2.WhendoBraziliansgivepresents?
_______________________________________b.Listenagain.Completethemissingwords.
3.Whendopeoplehavedinner?
W:WAITERA:ALLIEM:MARK_______________________________________W:____Ihelpyou?
4.WhatdoBraziliansthinkoftourists?
A:What______isthisshirt?
_______________________________________W:Let’ssee.Asmall.Whatsizedoyou5.Whendothepartiesbegin?
want?
_______________________________________A:Amedium.
PracticalEnglishInaclothesshopW:________isamedium.
A:Thanks.WherecanItryiton?
VOCABULARYclothesW:Thechangingroomsare___________.
a.Matchthewordsandthepictures.A:Thankyou!
W:_______isit?
A:It’sfine.Howmuchisit?ajacket()W:$34.99.
jeans()M:DoyoutakeAmericanExpress?
ashirt()W:Yes,sir.
shoes()asweater()trousers()c.Listenandrepeatthedialogue.Payattentiontotherhythm.
d.Inpairs,roleplaythedialogue.
UsefulExpressions:Whatsizedoyouwant???large\/medium\/smallb.Inpairs,coverthewordsandtestyourpartner.Howmuchisit?
WherecanItryiton?
4.3Wouldyouliketohavedinnerwithmetonight?
BUYINGCLOTHESHappybirthday!
a.MarkandAllieareinaclothesshop.
Coverthedialogue.Listenandanswerthe53WRITINGAnInformalLetter.
Readthee-mailandcompletetheform.
Hi,Maria,Doyourememberme?Myname’sBenSanders.I’mtwenty-nine,andI’mBritish.IliveinasmallflatinnorthLondonandIworkasasecretaryforabigcomputercompanyincentralLondon.
Itraveltoworkontheunderground,butIoftenworkathome.Idon’tsmoke,butIdrinkalotofcoffee!
WhatelsecanItellyouaboutmyself?MyfamilyliveinBrighton,onthesouthcoastofEngland.Ihaveonebrotherandonesister.Mybrotherworksasawaiterandmysisterisanurse.TheirnamesareHarryandLiz.Myparentsarebothteachers.
Ilovesports.IplayfootballandbasketballafewtimesamonthandIwatchallthebestmatchesonTV.MyfavouritefoodisMexican.I’mveryluckybecausemybrotherworksinaMexicanrestaurant,soIeattherewhenIvisitmyfamily.IstudyItalianinmyfreetimebecauseonedayIwanttoliveinItaly.
Pleasewriteandtellmeaboutyourself.
Bena.DecidethestatementTrue(T),False(F)orDoesn’tsay(D).
1.BenworksinLondon.()2.Helikeshisjob.()3.Hisfamilydon’tliveinEngland.()4.Lizhastwobrothers.()5.Harryliveswithhisparents.()6.BenwatchessportonTV.()7.Harry’srestaurantisinLondon.()8.BenisItalian.()b.Readthee-mailagainandcompletetheform.
Name:_____________________Age:____________________Nationality:_____________________Languages:_____________________,_____________________Sports:_____________________,_____________________Parents’job:_____________________54c.Writeanemailtoanewfriend.Answerthesequestions.
1.What’syourname?
2.Wheredoyoulive?
3.Doyouhavebrothersandsisters?Howoldarethey?
4.Whatlanguagesdoyouspeak?
5.WhydoyouwanttolearnEnglish?
6.Doyouworkorstudy?Where?
55G?countable\/uncountableV?foodandcooking4P?sentencestressBILoveMyJob!
Ⅰ.READINGa.Readthetextandchoosethebestanswer.
JamesShannonisachefinaLondonrestaurant.Hetalksabouthisjob.
Ilovemyjob!
IworkatSuzie’s,whichisoneofthemostpopularrestaurantsincentralLondon.Thebestpartofworkingthereisbeingpartofafantasticteamoffriendlyandtalentedpeople.
IstartedbywashingdisheswhenIwasonly16.Iwasn’tinterestedinfoodandInevercookedathome,butIworkedhard,andsoonbecameawaiter.Simon,whowasheadchefatthetime,thenbegantoshowmehowtocookandIloveditsomuchthatIwenttocollegetolearnmore.
WhenSimonleftSuzie’s,Ibecameheadchef.AtthetimeallthefoodwasBritish.Thequalitywasexcellent,butIwantedtodosomethingdifferent,soIdecidedtohaveaninternationalmenu.Nowweservefoodfromallaroundtheworld.TherearesomanyfantasticmarketsandfoodshopsinLondonthatIcanusuallyfindanyingredientIneed.
Iusealotofnaturalingredientssuchasbrownrice,organicflour,andpasta.Somepeoplethinkthathealthyfoodisboring,butthey’rewrong.Well-preparednaturalfoodhassomuchmoreflavourthanfastfood.Ourfoodishealthyandourcustomersloveit.Weusetheverybestmeatandthehighestqualityvegetables.
Suzie’sisopenonMondaytoFridayfrom5p.m.to11p.m.,andfrom12a.m.to11p.m.atweekends.OnFridaysandSaturdaysweplaylivemusicfromaroundtheworld.There’sachildren’smenuonSundaysandthat’swhenweservetraditionalBritishfood.
1.Jamesstartedtolearnhowtocook_____.A.atcollegeB.attherestaurantC.athome2.WhenJamesbecameheadchef,hechangedthe_____.
A.restaurant’snameB.kindoffoodC.waiters3.Jamesfindsingredientsin_____.
A.othercountriesB.differentplacesinBritainC.London4.Thereismusic_____.
A.everydayB.twiceaweekC.onSundays565.Youcan’teatatSuzie’s_____.
A.onSaturdayafternoonB.onMondayeveningsC.onSundaymornings6.Suzie’sdoesn’tserve_____.
A.meatB.fastfoodC.Britishb.ArethesentencesTrue(T)orFalse(F)?
1.JamesleftschoolandthenworkedatSuzie’s._____2.Jamesoftencookedforhisfamily._____3.JameslikedSimon’sfood._____4.ItcanbedifficulttofindtheingredientsinLondon._____5.Jamesthinkshealthyfoodisboring._____6.Therestaurantisopeneveryday._____7.Therestaurantisopenforlunchattheweekend._____8.ThemusicisusuallyBritish._____9.Thereisalwaysachildren’smenu._____Ⅱ.VOCABULARYfooda.Lookatthepicture.Writedownwhatyoualwayseatordrink?
Ialwayshaveanorange...
b.Foodwordsarecountableoruncountable.Write10wordsinthecorrectcolumn.
countableuncountableapplebread57c.Matchthewordsandthepictures.
BreakfastLunch\/dinnerVegetablesDeserts\/snacksFruit()bread()fish()carrots()biscuits()apples()butter()ketchup()chips()cake()bananas()cereal()meat(steakandchicken)()Frenchfries()chocolate()grapes()cheese()(olive)oil()alettuce()crisps()oranges()coffee()pasta()mushroom()fruitsalad()apineapple()eggs()rice()anonion()icecream()jam()asalad()peas()sandwiches()(orange)juice()potatoes()sweets()milk()tomatoes()sugar()tea()toastⅢ.GRAMMARcountable\/uncountable?nounsSomenounscanbeCorUbutthemeaningTherearetwokindsofnouninEnglish,isdifferent.
countable(C)anduncountable(U).e.g.anice-cream,someice-creamC=thingsyoucancount,Cnounscanbe◇singularorplural.
e.g.oneapple,twoapples,threeapplesU=thingsyoucan’tcount,Unounscan’t◇beplural.
e.g.butter,meat.Nottwobutters,threemeats58UseHowmuch…withuncountable(U)nounsandHowmany…withpluralcountable(C)nouns.
◇UsealotofwithCandUnounsforabigquantity.
◇Usequitealotofforquiteabigquantity.
◇Usenot…muchwithUnounsforasmallquantity.
◇Usenot…manywithCpluralnounsforasmallquantity.
◇Usenotany(noneinshortanswer)forzeroquantity.
◇a.Completethedialoguewitha,an,someorany.
A:Iinvitedmysisterfordinner.IsthatOK?
B:No,itisn’t.Wedon’thaveanyfood!
A:Thereare_______eggsand________cheese.Icanmake______omelet.
B:Therearen’t_______eggs.Ihadthelasttwo.
A:Wecanmake_____pasta.Arethere_____tomatoes?
B:Yes.Andthereis____onion.Whataboutdrinks?Isthere____wine?
A:Yes,thereis____bottleofredwine.Andthereis______Coke,too.
b.Completewithhowmuch\/howmany.
1.____________peoplewerethereattheparty?
2.____________milkdoesshedrink?
3.____________coffeedidyoudrinkyesterday?
4.____________eggsarethereinthefridge?
5.____________centsarethereinaeuro?
6.____________moneydoyouhavewithyou?
7.____________hoursdoesyourbabyusuallysleep?
8.____________freetimedoyouhaveduringtheweek?
c.Completethesentenceswitha,an,someorany.
Example:Wecan’thaveanomelette.Therearen’tanyeggs.
1.—CanIhaveasandwich,please?—Sorry.Thereisn’t__________bread.
2.I’mhungry.Doyouwant__________apple?
3.Icanmake__________pastathisevening.
4.—Arethere__________bananas?—No.Ihadthelastone.
5.I’mavegetarian.Idon’twant__________meat.
6.There’s__________pineappleinthefridge.
59Ⅳ.SPEAKINGa.Makeafooddiaryforyesterday.Writedownexactlywhatfoodanddrinkyouhad.b.Inpairs,talkaboutwhatfoodyouhadanddecidewhetheryouhadFOODDIARYhealthyfoodornot.
somecoffeesomeorangejuicec.Inpairs,askandanswer.1.Howoftendoyougotothesupermarket?
2.Whichsupermarketdoyouliketogo?Why?
3.Doyoulookatthefoodotherpeoplearebuying?Doesitsayanythingaboutthem?
4.Matchthepeoplewiththebaskets.
FASTFOODFRANKHEALTHYHANNAHLUXURYLUCYchips,beer…carrot,grapes…champagne,boxesofchocolate…604.4WorkshopⅤ.PROUNCIATION[?][?:]a.Readthewords.Ⅰ.GRAMMAR&VOCABULARYa.Underlinethecorrectwordorphraseineachcomputer?teacher?umbrella?workersentence.
America?famous?second?agoExample:Wedon’teatmany\/muchapplesinourhouse.
1.Sheeatsmuch\/alotofbiscuits.Shelovesher?first?third?nurse?turnthem.learn?work?world?word?verb2.Ididn’teatno\/anycake.Iwasn’thungry.
b.Readthesentences.3.—Howmuchchocolatedoyoueat?
1.Firstcome,firstserved.—Alot\/Alotof.
2.TheGermanprefersafurcaptoaleatherone.4.Markbuysmany\/alotoffruit.He’svery3.It’stheearlybirdthatcatchestheworm.healthy.4.Thestudentsandtheteacherswillhaveaget-5.Idon’thavemany\/muchfreetime.Iworktogetherthedayaftertomorrow.veryhard.
5.Shedoesn’tliketogotothecinemaorthe6.Howmuch\/manycoffeedoyoudrink?
theatre;shepreferstheconcert.
6.Hesangforallofusafewmomentsago.b.Completethee-mail.Usethecorrectformofgoingtoandtheverbinbrackets.
c.Listenandrepeatthedialogue.Copytherhythm.Hi,Daniel,A:Wouldyouliketolearntoflyaplane?Howareyou?AreyougoingtocomeB:No,Iwouldn’t.(come)tomypartynextweek?It__________A:Whynot?(be)reallygoodfun.IwanttohavesomeB:BecauseIdon’tlikeflying,andIthinkit’sgreatmusic,soI__________(find)agooddangerous.DJ.Myparents__________(pay)forthefoodanddrink.Mycousin__________(notd.Listentothisdialogue.Underlinethestressedbe)therebecauseshe__________(travel)towords.Canadawithafriendnextweek.Sorry!TheyA:WouldyouliketodriveaFerrari?__________(fly)toVancouverandthentheyB:Yes,I’dloveto__________(go)bytraintoMontreal.It’sA:Why?theirdreamholiday!They__________(have)B:BecauseIlikedriving,butmycar’sveryslow.afantastictime!
Hopeyoucancometotheparty!
David61c.Completethesentenceswitha,an,someorany.
Example:—Arethereanybananas?—No.Ihadthelastone.
1.I’mavegetarian.Idon’twant__________meat.
2.Icanmake__________pastatomorrowevening.
3.Wecan’thaveanomelette.Therearen’t__________eggs.
4.—CanIhavesometoast,please?—Sorry.Thereisn’t__________bread.
5.There’s__________pineappleinthefridge.
6.—I’mhungry.—Doyouwant__________orange?
d.Writethewordsinthecorrectcolumn.
apples?coffee?grapes?onions?oranges?pineapples?peas?tea?waterFruitVegetablesDrinksⅡ.READINGFastFoodinChinaThetrendofeatingfastfoodinChinaisgrowingrapidly.ThecultureoffastfoodinChinaisalsodevelopingrapidly.
TheChinesearetryingoutwesternfastfoodsuchasFrenchfries,burgersandrolls.AnumberoffastfoodrestaurantsareopeninginChina.McDonald’shasover1,000restaurantsinmorethan100Chinesecities.Thereisaplanofopeningsomenewoutlets.
ManyUSrestaurantshaveopenedupinBeijing.PizzaHutisafamouswesternrestaurantinChinaandoffersavarietyofpizzas.KentuckyFriedChickenisthemainfastfoodinChina.Thechickenwings,nuggetsandsandwichesareverypopularwithchildren.TheyrepresentthewesternfastfoodinChina.Chickenisthemainingredientofthisdish.CaliforniaBeefNoodleprovidesavarietyofnoodlesandalsoserveswithwontonanddumplings.
TherapidincreaseinthefastfoodinChinashowsthatChinesearereadytoexperimentwiththeirtastebuds.Westernfastfoodrestaurantstendtoattractmorekidsandyoungpeople,whohavecreatedabigpotentialmarketforthefood.Mostofthesepeoplearefondoftrendyandnewfood,puttingemphasisondifferenttastes.Meanwhile,westernfastfoodisconvenientandtime-saving.It’sthebestchoiceforthepeoplewhoarebusywithwork.That’sthereasonsfortheriseofwesternfastfoodinChina.
62Answerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtothetext.
1.WhatkindofnewfooditemsareChinesetryingout?
2.Howmanyfastfoodrestaurantsarementionedinthetext?Whatarethey?
3.WhichfastfoodrestaurantisfamousforpizzasinChinaaccordingtothetext?
4.Whatkindoffastfoodwouldyoulike?Why?
5.WhatisthereasonfortheriseofwesternfastfoodinChina?
PracticalEnglishAtarestaurant4.5Ⅲ.VOCABULARYa.Readthemenuandmakeadialogueinpairs.
63b.Findoutthefoodmentionedinthedialogue.
OrderingChineseDishesW=waitressG=guestW:Goodevening,sir.Pleasehaveacupoftea.Hereisthemenu.TakeyourtimeandI’llreturninafewminutestotakeyourorder.
G:Thankyou.Note:(Afterafewminutes)TwowaysoforderW:Areyoureadytoorder,sir?1.alacarte:orderaccordingtothemenuG:Yes.Iam.2.dinner:afull-coursemealservedatafixedpriceW:Wouldyoulikedinneroralacarte?G:Alacarte,please.Oh,I’mstarving.I’dliketotrysomerealChinesecuisine.Whatwouldyourecommend?
W:WehaveCantonesedishandSichuandish.Whichwouldyouprefer?
G:Iwonderifthereisanydifferencebetweenthem.W:Yes.Generallyspeaking,Cantonesefoodislightandclear,whileSichuanfoodhasastrongandhottaste.
G:Well,I’dliketotasteaselectionofthetwocuisines.
W:OurspecialtodayisSlicedBeefinOysterSauce,whichisinCantonesestyle.
G:OK,Iwilltakeit.
W:ForSichuancuisine,wehaveSlicedPorkwithGarlicandBeanCurdwithMincedMeatandChilli.
G:Howaboutthebeancurddish?
W:Itishotandspicy.
G:Oh,itisquitefamous.I’llhaveatry.
W:OK.Whatsoupwouldyoulike?
G:IthinkI’lltakeSweetCornSoupwithShrimp.
W:Wouldyoulikethesouprightawayoraftertheotherdishes?
G:I’llstartwiththesoup,please.
W:Soyou’veorderedSlicedBeefinOysterSauce,BeanCurdwithMincedMeatandChiliandSweetCornSoupwithShrimp.Wouldyouliketoseethewinelist?
G:No,thankyou.I’lljusthavetea.
64c.Completethefollowingdialogue.
W:Goodevening,sir.Wouldyouliketoordernow?
G:Yes,I’dliketotakedinner___________insteadofsetmenu.Whatis________oftheday?
W:Vegetablesoupand__________.
G:I’llhaveonionsoup.Andwhat’sthechef’s_____________forthemaincourse?
W:Sirloinsteak.
G:Good!I’lltakeonewithchips.Note:C:How_______________________?Degreeofthecooking:G:Rare.Andwhatdoyousuggesttogowellwithwelldone,mediumwell,medium,mediumthesteak?rare,bleu(rare).
W:Margaux____________isnice.
G:OK,onebottleofthat.Usefulphrases:Hereisthemenu.
Areyoureadytoorder,sir?
Wouldyouliketoordernow?
Whatwouldyourecommend?
Wouldyoulikedinneroralacarte?
How?about…65WRITING?Writetheinstructions.
a.Matchtheingredientsandpictures.Revise&CheckⅠ.VOCABULARYa.Choosethebestanswer.
1.The_______oldmanenjoyedtalkingtothe?youngboy.
?A.presentB.valuableC.wise2.Aftertheboysawthegift,he________,“Wow!YOUNEED:?Iloveit!”()somebrownbread?A.exclaimedB.claimedC.realized()somesmokedsalmon3.Heenjoyed_______aboutthepresent.
()somecreamcheese?A.wonderingB.learningC.exclaiming()alemon4.Theoldman______thevalueinthepresent.
()someblackpepper?A.realizedB.ranoutC.exclaimed5.Shespoketohermothereveryday,and?_________learnedaboutherlife.
b.Readtheinstructions.Completethemwithcut?A.howeverB.moreoverC.thusorput.
Step1:First____twothinpiecesofbrown◇b.Doyouknowthedifferencebetweenthepairbread.
ofwordsbelow?Trytofindmorepairs.
Step2:Then_____somecreamcheeseonone◇1.presents\/presenceofthepieces.2.principal\/principleStep3:_____somepiecesofsmokedsalmon◇3.stationary\/stationeryonthecreamcheese.
4.morning\/mourningStep4:_____thelemoninhalf.
◇5.lead\/ledStep5:_____alittlelemonjuiceandblack◇pepperonthesalmon.
c.Writetheverbforfreetimeactivities.
Step6:Now______theotherpieceofbread◇ontop.
ride?do?take?go?talk?playStep7:Finally—eatthesandwich!It’s◇delicious!
1.________photos\/yourumbrella\/thedogforawalkc.Writeinstructionstomakeyourfavourite2.home\/tobed\/shoppingsandwich.
3._______chess\/computergames\/theguitar?Inventanameforit.
4._______exercise\/housework\/homework?Saywhatingredientsyouneed.
665._________toafriendonthephonefast6._________ahorse\/amotorbike\/abiked.Writethewordsinthecorrectcolumn.
apples?cake?crisps?carrots?pineapple?onionsgrapes?chocolate?mushrooms?peas?bananas?biscuitsVegetablesSnacksFruitsⅡ.GRAMMARa.WhatdidMarkandJanbuywhentheywentshoppingyesterday?Writea,anorsomeinthespaces.
1.______meat2._____apple3.______cheese4._______milk5._______butter6._______banana7._______pineapple8._______orange9.________tomato10.________onionb.Writethesentencesinpositiveornegativeform.
PositivesentencesNegativesentences1There’ssomericeinthecupboard.Thereisn’tanyriceinthecupboard.
2Ididn’teatanyfruityesterday.
3Ididn’thaveaneggforbreakfast.
4Thereisn’tanysugarinthiscoffee.
5Wehavesomevegetablesinthegarden.
6Thereweren’tanysandwichesinthefridge.
7Therewassomenicefishinthesupermarket.
8Ihadasaladforlunch.
67c.Writethequestions.
Example:What\/longriver\/world?What’sthelongestriverintheworld?
1.What\/smallcountry\/world?2.What\/crowdedcountry\/world?
3.What\/highmountain\/world?
4.What\/windycity\/world?
5.What\/smallocean\/world?
6.What\/expensivemineral\/world?
7.What\/dryplace\/world?
d.Circlethecorrectanswerstothequestionsinexercisec.
1.A.Nile.??????B.TheDanube.C.TheAmazon.
2.A.Andorra.?????B.Monaco.C.TheVatican.
3.A.India.??????B.Bangladesh.C.China.
4.A.MountEverest.B.MontBlanc.C.MountKilimanjaro.
5.A.Chicago,USA.B.LaPaz,Bolivia.C.Edinburgh,Scotland.
6.A.TheArcticOcean.B.TheAtlanticOcean.C.ThePacificOcean.
7.A.Platinum.B.Diamond.C.Graphite.
8.A.TheSaharaDesert.B.TheAtacamaDesert,Chile.C.TheArizonaDesert,USA.
68Ⅲ.READINGa.Whatdoyouthinkaretheperfectcolourstopaintyourflatorhouse?Lookatthechartandcompletecolumn1(Myopinions)withacolourfromthebox.
blue?red\/orange?green\/white?yellowROOMSMyopinionsExpert’sopinionsBedroomLivingroomDiningroomStudyb.NowreadthetextandcompleteColumn2(Expert’sopinions).Doyouagree?
Thecolouryoupainttheroomsinyourhousecanmakeyoumorecomfortable.Followthesuggestionsbelowtocreatetheperfectatmospheretoeat,sleep,work,andrelaxinyourownhome.ThebedroomThelivingroomTheperfectcolourforabedroomisblue.ItTheperfectcolourforanelegantlivingisaveryrelaxingcolour,andcanmakeyouroomisgreen,withsomewhite.Don’tusefeelhappierandmorepositiveaboutlifedramaticcolourslikered,purple,andblackwhenyouwakeupinthemorning.becausetheydon’thelpyourelax.69ThediningroomThestudyRedandorangearetwocolourswhichYellowisabeautifulcolourwhichmakescanmakeyoufeelhungrieratmealtimes.youfeelhappierandhelpsyoutothink,soitTheyalsoencouragemoreinterestingisagoodcolourforthisroom.Italsomakesconversation.Butbecareful!Onlyusethesedarkspacesalittlebrighter.
coloursinsmallareas—alotofredororangecanmakeyoufeelaggressive.c.Readthetextagain.MarkthesentencesT(True)orF(False).
1.Abluebedroomhelpsyoutowakeupearlier.
2.Greenandwhitearedramaticcolours.
3.Redororangeinthediningroommakespeopleeatandtalk.
4.Ayellowstudyhelpsyoutoworkbetter.
70G?objectpronouns:me,you,him,etc.
V?music5P?[f][v][s][z][?][?]AClassicLoveFilmsⅠ.GRAMMARobjectpronouns5.1a.Lookatthephotosandreadthemonologueofaclassicfilm.Canyouguesswhatfilmitis?Winningthatticket,Rose,wasthebestthingthateverhappenedtome...itbroughtmetoyou.AndI’mthankfulforthat,Rose.I’mthankful.Youmustdomethishonor,Rose.Promisemeyou’llsurvive.Thatyouwon’tgiveup,nomatterwhathappens,nomatterhowhopeless.Promisemenow,Rose,andneverletgoofthatpromise.b.Lookatthewords“you”and“me”inthe5.2monologue.Whatdotheyreferto?d.Listenandcompletethesongwithyou,my,usyou=_________orwe.
me=_________MyHeartWillGoOnEverynightin______dreamsc.Completethechartwiththesewords.Isee_____,Ifeel______.ThatishowIknow_____goon.
you?her?them?himFaracrossthedistanceAndspacesbetween______SubjectpronounsObjectivepronounsImeYouhavecometoshow______goon.
youNear,far,wherever______areshe______believethattheheartdoesgoon.
heOncemore,______openedthedoorititAndyou’reherein_______heart,theyweusAnd______heartwillgoonandon.
71Lovecantouch_______onetimeAndlastforalifetimeAndneverletgotill______’vegone.
Ⅱ.SPEAKINGa.Whichkindofmusicdoyouknow?Fillinthefollowingmusicquestionnaire.
PLACEFREQUENCYMUSICTYPESLIKEORDISLIKEOFLISTENINGMUSICOFLISTENINGMUSICb.Whichkindofmusicismostpopularinyourclass?Whichkindofmusicisleastpopularinyourclass?Askyourpartner“whichkindofmusicdoyoulike?”\/“whichkindofmusicdoeshe\/shelike?”Twoexamplesaregivenasfollows.
A:Whichkindofmusicdoyoulike?
B:Ilikeblues.
A:Whichkindofmusicdoesshelike?
B:Shelikesopera.
…72c.Lookatthepicturesandfillinthechartaccordingtothefourromanticfilms.
FILMSHEROINESHEROESTHEMESONGSGhostRomeoandJulietMyFairLadyGonewiththeWindd.Askandanswer:TwoexamplesaregivenasIhavenoideaabouther.
follows.
WhatdoyouthinkofRomeo?5.3Ilikehim.Ⅲ.LISTENINGIdon’tlikehim.a.ListentoMyheartwillgoonagain.WhatdoesIlovehim.itmean?
Ihatehim.(a)IwillloveyoueventhoughIdied.
Ihavenoideaabouthim.(b)Iwillloveyouinmylife.
WhatdoyouthinkofScarlett?
Ilikeher.b.ListentothefollowingparagraphandfillintheIdon’tlikeher.blanks.
Iloveher.Theyareveryyoung.Hemeets______ataIhateher.73party.Theyfallinloveatfirstsight.But______Comeon,let’sgotothezoo!
familyhates______family.Soshethinks______Comeon,let’sgotothezoo!loveisimpossible._______decidetogoawayHippo,zebra,monkey,bear,andgetmarried.Buttheydiefinally.Parrot,tiger,allarethere.
Comeon,let’sgotothezoo!c.Whichfilmdoestheaboveparagraphreferto?It’sfunformeandyou.
?MyFairLady?GonewiththeWindⅤ.READING?RomeoandJulieta.Readandcheck(√)theboxes.
Janiceisapilot.ShefliesfromHeathrowd.Whatareyourfavoritesongsfromfilms?AirportinLondontoalloverEurope.Ateleveno’clockinthemorning,sheleavesherhouse.She5.4arrivesattheairportattwelveo’clock.TodayherⅣ.PRONUNCIATIONflightistoRome.ItleavesLondonatthreeo’clocka.Listenandrepeatthewords.anditarrivesinItalyatfiveo’clock.Atseveno’clock,theplaneleavesRomeanditarrivesin[f]half?loaf?fine?knife?faceLondonatteno’clock.Janicegetshomeateleven[v]Veil?vegetable?live?very?loveo’clockatnight.WhatalongdayforJanice!
b.Listenandrepeatthetonguetwistersasfastasyoucan.1.Janiceleavesherhouseintheafternoon.
(a)Sallyalwayssuffersfromsea-sicknesswhenyes□\/no□sheisatsea.
2.Hearrivesattheairportattwelveo’clock.(b)Thisshopsellsthelatestfashionofshirtsandyes□\/no□shorts.
3.HisplaneleavesLondonatthreeo’clock.yes□\/no□c.Listenandchant.
4.HerplanearrivesinRome.
yes□\/no□b.Readagainandchooseadayoftheweekandwriteaboutit.Anexampleisgivenasfollows.
Davidisateacher.Hegetsupatseveno’clock…74Ⅵ.VOCABULARYWritedownthenamesofthefollowingmusicalinstruments.
WorkshopⅠ.GRAMMARReadandfillintheblanks.
Duke:HavemercyonAntonio,Shylock.Donotbesobitter.
Shylock:I’vepromisedtotake______(my\/me)poundofflesh.Ifyoudonotlet_______(me\/mine)haveit,thatwillbeasignofweaknessandnoonewilltrust______(your\/you)lawsanymore.ThegreatnessofVenicewillsoonbelost.Antoniois________(my\/her)enemy,andIhate_______(him\/them).
Bassanio:Doallmenkillthethings_______(they\/them)donotlove?
Ⅱ.READINGa.Readthetext.BeijingOperaisverypopularinChina.Ithasahistoryofmorethan200years.DuringthereignoftheQianlongemperorintheQingDynasty,Qianlonghadaninterestinthelocalopera.In1790,tocelebratehiseightiethbirthday,hesummonedoperatroupesfromdifferentplacestoperformforhiminBeijing.FourfamoustroupesfromAnhuiProvinceremainedinBeijingafterthecelebration.In1828,aHubeitroupecametoBeijingandoftenperformedtogetherwiththeAnhuitroupes.ThetwotypesofsingingmixedtogetherandgraduallyanewtypecameintobeingknownasBeijingOpera.
75b.True(T)orFalse(F).
()1.BeijingOperahasashorthistory.
()2.BeijingOperawasoriginatedfromtheQingDynasty.
()3.OnlyfourfamoustroupesfromAnhuiProvinceweresummonedtoperforminBeijingtocelebrateQianlong’seightiethbirthday.c.Whatisthemeaningof“gradually”inthepassage?Trytotickit.
()1.moreandmore()2.stepbystep()3.littleandlittled.Mr.MeiLanfang,themasterofPekingOpera,MeiLanfangisgoodatplayingtheroleofwomeninBejingoperas,called“Dan”.Doyouknowhismasterpieces?
Ⅲ.VOCABULARYa.Lookatthepictures.Whichkindofmusiccanyousee?
76b.Workinpairs.Oneexamplehasbeengivenasfollows.
Areyougoodatplayingguitar?
Yes,Iam.
…5.5Ⅳ.ListeningListentothislovestory.Practisetellingit.
Theyliveinasmallcity.
Theymeeteachotherinthegym.
She’sanurse,andheisaworker.
Helovesheratfirstsight.
Shekisseshimandhethinkssheloveshim.
Butatlastsheleaveshim.77G?possessivepronouns:mine,yours,etc.
V?sports5P?rhymingwordsand[a?][ɑ?]BWhat’sYourFavoriteSports?
5.6Ⅰ.SPEAKINGa.swimmingb.baseballc.tennisd.basketballe.Ping-Pongf.volleyballg.soccerh.badmintoni.fieldhockeyj.trackandfielda.Listenandlook.Thenlistenandsaythewords.
b.Listenandchant.
Soccer,basketball,Lotsofsportstoplay.
Tennis,badminton,Let’splaythemalltoday.
Ping-Pongandtrackandfield,That’sgreatfun—don’tforgetit.
Let’sjoinaclubtoday.
Let’sjoinaclub,hooray!
78Baseballandswimming,Lotsofsportstoplay.
Fieldhockey,volleyball,Let’splaythemalltoday.
Ping-Pongandtrackandfield,That’sgreatfun–don’tforgetit.
Let’sjoinaclubtoday.
Let’sjoinaclub,hooray!
c.Listenandsay.Fourexampleshavebeengivenasfollows.
Playingsoccerisfun.
Swimmingisgreat.
Playingbasketballisdifficult.
Trackandfieldisboring.
d.Worksingroups.Interviewyourpartner.Twoexampleshavebeengivenasfollows.Whatdoyouthinkoflisteningtomusic?
Listeningtomusicisfun.
Whatdoyouthinkofridingabike?
Ridingabikeisdifficult.
…Ⅱ.GRAMMARa.Lookatthesesonglyrics.Matchthemwiththesongs\/singers.
1.Ijustcan’tgetyououtofmyheart.a.RoyOrbison,OhPrettyWoman2.Comewithme,baby,beminetonight.b.KylieMinogue3.Youcanleaveyourhaton.c.JoeCocker4.I’llbeyoursthroughalltheyears.d.ElvisPresley,Lovemetenderb.Completethechartwithpossessiveadjectivesandpossessivepronouns.
SubjectpronounsPossessivepronounsPossessiveadjectivesIweyoushe79hetheyc.Workingroupsandsay.Twoexampleshavebeengivenasfollows.
—Whosegreenbagisit?Isithers?
—Yes,it’shers.
—Whoseeraserisit?Isityours?
—No,itismine.
...
Ⅲ.SPEAKINGa.Lookatthebarchart.Fillintheblanks.
80Thereare________childreninourclass.Sixchildren’sfavoritesportis________._______children’sfavoritesportissoccer.Threechildren’s_________sportistrackandfield.Twochildren’sfavoritesportis______.Twochildren’sfavoritesportistennis.b.Lookatthebarchartagain.Sayaboutyourclassandmakeabarchart.c.Askandanswer.
—What’syourfavoritesport?
—Myfavoritesportis……Ⅳ.VOCABULARYa.Fillintheblankswiththefollowingwords.
playingtennis?singingsongs?paintingpictures?flykites1.___________isgreatfun.Itisfunforeveryone.
2.Itiseasyforusto________.Itisreallyeasy.
3.________isgreatfun.Solet’ssingtogether!4.—Doyouthink__________iseasy?
?—Yes,itiseasyforustopaintpictures.
b.Crossthewrongword.
Playingmusic\/Playingtomusicisgreatfun.
1.Whatsportsdoyoulike?Ilikeswimming\/swim.
2.Ilikeplayingsoccer\/playingthesoccer.
3.Flyingakite\/Flyingkiteisboring.Ⅴ.PRONUNCIATIONa.Popsongsoftenuserhymingwordsattheendoflines,e.g.me—sea.MatchapronounfromBoxAwitharhymingwordinBoxB.
ABtheirsfineherssitsitsdoorsourswearshisThursdayyoursquizmineshowers81c.Trytofindouttherhymingwordsintheb.Crossthewrongword.
followingsong.Thesearemy\/minekeys.Don’tthrowthem.
1.Howoldisshe\/her?
2.—Ican’tfindmy\/mineCD.?—Isthisyour\/yours?
3.My\/Minefavoritefruitisapples.
4.Sheisaworker.Her\/Herssisterisanurse.
5.—Whosebagisit?
?—Itisthem\/theirs.
c.Changethehighlightedwordstopronouns.
Oh,mylove,mydarling,1.Canyoubookaroomfor??????????????
I’vehungeredforyourtouch,2.Imiss?????????verymuch.Along,lonelytime.3.Sheishavingdinnerwith????????????.
Andtimegoesbysoslowly,4.Wecanput?????????inthepapercontainer.
Andtimecandosomuch.5.Ican’tremember?????????????????.
Areyoustillmine?
Ineedyourlove.Ⅱ.VOCABULARYIneedyourlove.a.Choosethebestanswer.
Godspeedyourlovetome.1.Wewereheatedupafter______foraboutoneLonelyriversflowtothesea,tothesea,hour.()Totheopenarmsofthesea.A.runningB.walkLonelyriverssigh,waitforme,waitforme.2.Hegotamedalinthe_______.()I’llbecominghome,waitforme.A.longjumpB.jogging3.The______issolid.()WorkshopA.basketballB.softballⅠ.GRAMMARb.WriteashortcompositionaboutChinesea.CompletethesentenceswithanobjectpronounKongfu.
(you,her,etc.).
1.Theyaretwins.Doyouknow_____?
2.Heisadifficultpersontodealwith.Idon’tlike_____.
3.Itisagoodbook.Doyouliketoread____?
4.Ilostmykeys.Canyouhelp______?
5.Shedoesn’tknowwhattodo.Let’shelp____.
825.7Ⅲ.PRONUNCIATIONa.Listenandrepeatthephrases.1.outoftown2.aloudsound3.thousandsofflowers4.abrownhouse5.cowsandfowlsb.Listenandrepeatthesentencesasfastasyoucan.
1.Openyourmouthandpronouncethesoundloudly.
2.Thecrowdgatheredaroundthehouseandshoutedslogans.
3.Hefoundouthowthefieldswereploughed.
PracticalEnglishInagiftshopa.Matchthewordsandpictures.
dress?watch?postcard?bag?camera?teaset_______________________________________________________________________835.8WhatcanIdoforyou?
b.Listenandfinishthedialogue.
MayIhelpyou?
Canyoushowme…?
CanIhavealookat…?
CanItryiton?
Haveyougotanybiggersizes?
I’mlookingfor…formyson.
Whatsizedoyouwant?
Whatstyledoeshewant?
Doyouhaveanythingcheaper?
Doyoulikethisdesign?
Thequalityisexcellent.
ThisiswhatIwant.
I’mafraidwehaven’tanythinginA:MayI______you,Madam?
yoursize.
B:Ineedadress.Wouldyoushowmesome?Howmucharethey?
A:Certainly.______youare.What’sthepriceforit?
B:Ilikethepinkone._______Itryiton?Arethesetrousersonsale?
A:Ofcourse.Itfitsyouperfectly.I’dliketobuy…B:Yes,Ithink_______.Howmuchisit?That’stoomuch.
A:It’sfourhundredandtwenty-fiveyuan.I’lltakeit.
B:Canyoumakeit______cheaper?
A:Sorry,ourpricesareset.5.9f.ListenandmarkthesentencesT(true)orFc.Inpairs,roleplaythedialogue.(false).
1.Thewomanwantstobuyashirtforherson.()d.Inpairs,supposeoneisacustomerandthe2.Theredshirtsareavailable.()otherisakeeperofagiftshop.Thecustomer3.Themanhasalookatthewhiteandyellowwantstobuyachinateaset.shirts.()e.Trytolearntheseusefulsentencesbyheart.WRITINGApostcard.
a.Lookatthetwopostcards.Doyouknowwhichplaceitis?
84b.Readthepostcard.
Dearfriend,ThisisahellofromSydney.IhavebeenherefortwodaysandIhavethoroughlyenjoyedit.IstayinahotelnotfarfromChinaTownwhichislocatedinthemiddleofthecity.Ihavebeengoingtoplaces,likethebeaches,themuseumandthezoo.Todaywithatour,IvisitedtheOperaHouse.AfterthatwetookacruisetotravelaroundSydneyharbor.Theweatherwasverygoodandscenerywasbeautiful.Inthesouthernhemisphere,itisautumnnowanditisprobablythebesttimefortravel.Themildweatherandblueskysuitsmeverywell.MissyouandseeyouwhenIcomeback.Yoursc.Writeapostcardtoyourfriend.Imagineyou’reonholidayinanothercity.Thefollowinginformationshouldbegiven.
1.Areyouhavingagoodtime?
2.Whendidyouarrive?
3.Whereareyoustaying?
4.Whatdidyoudoyesterday?
5.Whereareyouatthemoment?
6.Howistheweatherthere?
7.Howisthecity?
85Revise&Check5._______ispopularwiththeyoung.
Ⅰ.GRAMMARb.Describethepictures.
a.Tick(√)therightobjectpronouns.
1.Waitfor(her\/she).
2.Imiss(you\/your)verymuch.
3.Youshouldcontact(them\/they)atonce.
4.Feelfreetoask(me\/mine)ifyouhaveanyquestions.
5.Youmusthelp(ours\/us).
b.Fillintheblankswiththeappropriateforms.
1.Hersisterishelping_______(we).
2.JohnandIareinthesameschool._______(we)Whataretheydoing?gotoschooltogether.Theyareplayingsoccer.
3.Everyonelikes______(she),do_____(you)?
4.Clairegavethebookto______(you).
5.MissLioftenlooksafter_______(she).
c.Changethehighlightedwordstopronouns.
??Maryisastudent.
Sheisastudent.
1.Shecan’tcatchupwithherclassmates.
2.Iamlookingforwardtoyourletter.3.JasonandDavidarefromAmerica.4.DoyoulikeLiMing?1.?
5.Thecarbelongstomysister..
Ⅱ.VOCABULARYa.Fillintheblanks.
piano?jazz?karaoke?classical?music1.Iliketolistento_______inthestreet.
2.Areyougoodatplaying________?
3.Ilike_______music.
4.Sheoftengoesto______bars.
862.?
.
3.?
.
5.10Ⅲ.LISTENINGa.Listenandfillintheblanks.
Each_________teamhaselevenplayersandthreesubstitute,orreserveplayers.Theteamconsistsofa__________defenders,midfieldplayers,andforwards.Theobjectofthegameistogettheballintoyouropponent’s__________.
Agameofsocceriscalledamatchandissplitintotwohalvesof_______minuteseach,witha15-minutebreakat_________.Arefereeandtwoassistantsmakesurethatnobodycheatsorbreakstherules.
b.Listenagainandguessthemeaningof“substitute”inParagraph1.