During deliberative discussion，therefore，partits prent and respond to reasoned arguments with the goal of making justifiable decisions oter at hand.In this respect，social studies eduoves beyond its disciplinary boundary of history learning to sider its broader implications for student learning（cf. Stevens，Wineburg，Herrenkohl，& Bell，2005）.It is cloly tied to what has been expounded as deliberative democracy by scholars such as Dewey（1916），Dryzek（2000），and Gutmann and Thompson（1996，2004）.In an effort to expand a view on citizenry participating in democracy，the scholars propod that citizens participate in open-minded，well-informed，reasoned，and egalitarian discussiohey ek mutually justifiable reasons and develop critical lf-awareness in light of others’perspectives（cf. Carpini，Cook，& Jacobs，2004）.
However，reardicates that discussion has rarely occurred in social studies classrooms，much less discussion involving troversial issues（Hess，2004a，2008，2009）.Teachers have personal，sociopolitical，instrual，and anizational challenges as well as misceptions with respect to the u of discussion.Various patterns of teacher e and di have emerged，ranging from denial，to privilege，to avoidand to balance（Hess，2004b）.Teachers who do not u or who believe they are using discussion have misceptions（Rossi，2006）.Even some strong believers in discussio to brief fact-bad teacher-student exges in classroom teag，perhaps for their lack of facilitation skills and preoccupation with tests（Roberts，2009）.
During deliberative discussion，therefore，partits prent and respond to reasoned arguments with the goal of making justifiable decisions oter at hand.In this respect，social studies eduoves beyond its disciplinary boundary of history learning to sider its broader implications for student learning（cf. Stevens，Wineburg，Herrenkohl，& Bell，2005）.It is cloly tied to what has been expounded as deliberative democracy by scholars such as Dewey（1916），Dryzek（2000），and Gutmann and Thompson（1996，2004）.In an effort to expand a view on citizenry participating in democracy，the scholars propod that citizens participate in open-minded，well-informed，reasoned，and egalitarian discussiohey ek mutually justifiable reasons and develop critical lf-awareness in light of others’perspectives（cf. Carpini，Cook，& Jacobs，2004）.