{63}Alexander Yakobson,'Us and Them:Empire,Memory and Identity in Claudius Speech on Bringing Gauls into the Roman Senate',in On Memory:An Interdisciplinary Approach,ed.Doron Mendels (Oxford:Peter Land,2007),23-24.
{64}W.H.C.Frend,Martyrdom and Persecution in the Early Church (Cambridge:James Clarke &Co.,2008),536-37.
{65}Robert Jean Knecht,The Rise and Fall of Renaissance France,1483-1610(London:Fontana Press,1996),424.
{66}Marie Harm and Hermann Wiehle,Lebenskunde fuer Mittelschulen -Fuenfter Teil.Klasse 5fuer Jungen (Halle:Hermann Schroedel Verlag,1942),152-57.
{67}Susan Blackmore,The Meme Machine (Oxford:Oxford University Press,1999).
{68}David Christian,Maps of Time:An Introduction to Big History (Berkeley:University of California Press,2004),344-45;Angus Maddison,The World Economy,vol.2(Paris:Development Centre of the Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development,2001),636;'Historical Estimates of World Population',U.S.Census Bureau,accessed December 10,2010,http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/worldhis.html.
{69}Maddison,The World Economy,vol.1,261.
{70}"Gross Domestic Product 2009",The World Bank,Data and Statistics,accessed December 10,2010,http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdf
{71}Christian,Maps of Time,141.
{72}當代最大的貨輪能夠承載大約10萬噸的貨物。在1470年,全球艦隊船隊加起來,承載量也不超過32萬噸。到了1570年,總承載量已達到73萬噸。(Maddison,The World Economy,vol.1,97).
{73}全球規模最大的銀行,蘇格蘭皇家銀行(Royal Bank of Scotland),於2007年申報的存款為1.3兆美元,是1500年全球總產值的五倍。參見'Annual Report and Accounts 2008',The Royal Bank of Scotland,35,accessed December 10,2010.http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/RBS/626570033x0x278481/eb7a003a-5c9b-41ef-bad3-81fb98a6c823/RBS_GRA_2008_09_03_09.pdf