{1}Ann Gibbons，'Food for Thought：Did the First Cooked Meals Help Fuel the Dramatic Evolutionary Expansion of the Human Brain'，Science 316：5831(2007)，1558-1560.
{2}Robin Dunber，Grooming，Gossip，and the Evolution of Language (Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press，1998).
{3}Michael L.Wilson and Richard W.Wrangham，'Intergroup Relations in Chimpanzees'，Annual Review of Anthropology 32(2003)，363-392；M.McFarland Symington，'Fission-Fusion Social Organization in Ateles and Pan'，International Journal of Primatology，11：1(1990)，49；Colin A.Chapman and Lauren J.Chapman，'Determinants of Groups Size in Primates：The Importance of Travel Costs'，in On the Move：How and Why Animals Travel in Groups，ed.Sue Boinsky and Paul A.Garber (Chicago：University of Chicago Press，2000)，26.
{4}Dunbar，Grooming，Gossip，and the Evolution of Language，69-79；Leslie C.Aiello and R.I.M.Dunbar，'Neocortex Size，Group Size，and the Evolution of Language'，Current Anthropology 34：2(1993)，189.For criticism of this approach see：Christopher McCarthy et al.，'Comparing Two Methods for Estimating Network Size'，Human Organization 60：1(2001)，32；R.A.Hill and R.I.M.Dunbar，'Social Network Size in Humans'，Human Nature 14：1(2003)，65.
{5}Yvette Taborin，'Shells of the French Aurignacian and Perigordian'，in Before Lascaux：The Complete Record of the Early Upper Paleolithic，ed.Heidi Knecht，Anne Pike-Tay and Randall White (Boca Raton：CRC Press，1993)，211-28.
{6}G.R.Summerhayes，'Application of PIXE-PIGME to Archaeological Analysis of Changing Patterns of Obsidian Use in West New Britain，Papua New Guinea'，in Archaeological Obsidian Studies：Method and Theory，ed.Steven M.Shackley (New York：Plenum Press，1998)，129-58.