Inmostpartsoftheworld，accesstoconfidentialtesting，counsellingandexpensivetherapiesisstillalongwayoff.StigmacontinuestoimpedeeffectivestrategiesagainstHIV/AIDS.Thosestrategiesstilldependheavilyonbehaviourmodification.Suchmodificationreliesonawareness，self-perceptionandthecapacityofself-protection.
RelevanceforChina：Injectingdruguseandsexualrelationsaccountformanynewcases.Theearlyphaseoftheepidemic，involvingcontaminatedbloodproducts，hasbeensubstantiallyreversedandsolved.Butthe“twobehaviours”involvedininjectingdruguseandcommercialsexinparticularare“bothhidden”.ThenumberofHIVcasesinChinaisnotcertain.Radicalstepsarenecessarytoreduceandcontainthatfigure.
TheprotectivestepsforChinawillinvolveacceptingtheHIV/AIDSparadox.ThisincludesinthecohortofChinesepeoplewhoareatriskofinfectionthroughsexualcontact.Inturn，thisincludesmenwhohavesexwithmen（MSM）.Theymay，ormaynot，identifythemselvesinChinaasmembersofasexualminority.Butseveralfeaturesrenderthemspeciallyvulnerable.Theytendtobesociallystigmatized.Theyliveinaworldwheretheirsexualconductistypicallysecretandhidden，evenfromtheirownfamiliesandfriends.Theirexistenceisoftendeniedormockedbythemedia.Often，theydonothaveeffectivecommunityorganisations，professionalhelporpoliticalsupporttospreadmessagesofpreventionandtherapysoastoprovideself-protectionandsotoslowthespreadofthevirus.