（c）Efficiency.Amodernefficientsocietyunderstandsthathumancapitalisitsgreatestasset.NowhereisthismoretruethaninthePeople’sRepublicofChinaandtheUnitedStates.Everyoneisneededtocontributetoinnovationandothersocialprojects.Andeveryoneshouldcontributeinwaysthatsuithisorhertalents，expertise，andabilities.Policiesthatsortpeople’scontributionsbaseduponarbitrarycriteria，suchasrace，underminetherationalityneededtoadvancesocialprojects.Forexample，ifacountryhadarulethatnoracialminoritycouldbelicensedasanengineer，therewouldbeagreatunfairnesstominoritypersonswhowantedtobeengineers.Butthegreaterunfairnesswouldbetothesocietyasawhole，foritwouldbedeprivedofcountlesspersonswhowouldbegoodengineers，andperhapssomewhowouldbethebestthecountrycouldhopetofind.
Thesameistrueoflesbiansandgaymen.Theyarejustascapableasotherkindsofcitizens.Statepoliciesexcludingthemfromcertainprofessions（includingeducation）willdeprivethecountryoftalentandenergyneededtotrainthenextgeneration.Exclusionsofhomosexualsfromgovernmentservicewouldhaveasimilareffect.Thegeneralpointisthatone’ssexualorientationisirrelevanttoone’sabilitytodoagoodjobinamodernsociety.Policies，includingprivateones，thatdiscriminateareunderminingacountry’sabilitytocompeteinworldmarketsandtocarryoutpublicprojectsathome.
Tobesure，thereisapartiallycountervailingefficiencyconsideration.Institutionsandworkplacesaredelicatemechanisms，andtheyaregovernedbyrulesthatwouldseemunfairtotheoutside.Thisisthejustificationcommonlyheard，sometimespersuasively，foranti-gaydiscriminations.TheUnitedStatesstillexcludeslesbians，gaymen，andevenbisexualsfrommilitaryservice.Onthewhole，thisisprobablyagrosslyinefficientpolicy，butitsjustificationisthatyoungadolescentmenwouldbeuncomfortableservingwithopenlygaybunkmates（EskridgeandHunter，2003，chap.5）.Inmyview，thebetteraccommodationofsuch（exaggerated）fearswouldbeapolicywhichallowedgaypeopletoserveinthearmedforces，butallowedsomeself-selectionamongtheyoungrecruits.